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INDIANS

IN THE WAR

ULIAN H. STEWARD

FONDREN LIBRARY '
BURIAL OF A BRAVE Southern Methodist University

DALLAS'. TEXAS 7S222

1945

1941-1945

IN GRATEFUL MEMORY
OF

THOSE WHO DIED
IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY.
THEY STAND IN THE UNBROKEN LINE
OF PATRIOTS WHO HAVE DARED TO DIE
THAT FREEDOM MIGHT LIVE, AND GROW,
AND INCREASE ITS BLESSINGS.

FREEDOM LIVES,
AND THROUGH IT THEY LIVE-
IN A WAY THAT HUMBLES
THE UNDERTAKINGS OF MOST MEN.

INDIANS IN THE WAR

Honor for Indian Heroism 1

Awards for Valor (Lists) 9

Ceremonial Dances in the Pacific by Ernie Py/e 12

A Choctaw Leads the Guerrillas 14

An Empty Saddle 15

We Honor These Dead (Lists) 16

Navajo Code Talkers by MT/Sgt. Murrey Marder 25

Indians Fought on Iwo Jima j 28

Wounded in Action (Lists) 30

Indians Work for the Navy by Lt. Frederick W. Sleight 42

To the Indian Veteran 44

Indian Women Work for Victory 49

Prisoners of War Released 50

A Family of Braves 51

Indian Service Employees in the War 53

The material in this pamphlet was collected for the 1945 Memorial
Number of Indians at Work, before the magazine was discontinued because
of the paper shortage. Many devoted workers spent much time and effort
to get these stories, and the photographs which accompany the lists were
loaned by the families of the boys whose names will be found here. We wish
to express our gratitude to all of those who made this record possible.

The casualty lists and the lists of awards and decorations continue
those begun in Indians at Work for May-June 1943 and carried on in the
November-December 1943, May-June 1944, and September-October 1944
issues. They are not complete, and it is hoped that when the peace has come,
the whole story of the Indian contribution to the victory may be gathered
up into one volume.

Awards of the Purple Heart have not been indicated here because every
soldier wounded in action agoinst the enemy is entitled to the decoration, and
the award should be taken for granted.

NOVEMBER 1945

United States Department of the Interior — Office of Indian Affairs
Chicago 54, Illinois ^oNDRtN LIBRARY

Hoikell Printing Department ' Methodist University

2-15-44—15.000 , c o-v>

DALLAS. TEXAS 75222 . ^

HONOR FOR INDIAN HEROISM

The war hos ended in victor/ for the United
Nations, and after a troubled period of read-
justment and reorganization, peace will come
at last. The story of the Indians' contribution
to the winning of the war has been told only in
part; and new material will be coming in for
many months. As one of the Sioux boys says,
"As a rule nowadays the fellows don't go in for
heroics." But already the Indian record is im-
pressive.. In the spring of 1945, there were
21 ,767 Indians in the Army, 1 ,9 1 in the Navy,
121 in the Coast Guard, and 723 in the Ma-
rines. These figures do not include officers,
for whom no statistics are available. Several
hundred Indian women are in the various
branches of the services. The Standing Rock
Agency, North Dakota, estimates that at least
fifty girls from that jurisdiction are in uniform.

The Office of Indian Affairs has recorded 7 1
awards of the Air Medal, 51 of the Silver Star,
47 of the Bronze Star Medal, 34 of the Dis-
tinguished Flying Cross, and two of the Con-
gressional Medal of Honor. There are un-
doubtedly many more which have not been re-
ported. Many of these ribbons are decorated
with oak leaf clusters awarded in lieu of addi-
tional medals. It is not unusugl to see an
Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, or twelve,
or even fourteen.

The casualty lists are long. They come from
theatres of war all over the world. There were
many Indians in the prison camps of the Philip-
pines after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor,
and later there were many more on two Jima
and Okinawa. There were Indians in the 45th
Division in Sicily and Italy. They were at Anzio,
and they took part in the invasion on D-Day in
Normandy. A Ute Indian, LeRoy Hamlin, was
with a small troop which made the first con-
tact with the Russians across the Elbe on April
25. Another Ute, Harvey Natchees, was the
first American soldier to ride into the center of

Berlin. Pfc. Ira Hayes, Pima, of the Marines,
was one of the six men who raised the flag
on the summit of Mt. Suribachi. Once in a
while, an Indian diving into a foxhole when
shells began to burst, would find himself face
to face with another member of his race, and
they would start talking about Indian problems
as they waited for the enemy fire to cease.
When there was only one Indian in an outfit,
he was inevitably called Chief, which amused
him and perhaps pleased him a little.

The Indian people at home have matched
the record of their fighting men. More than
forty thousand left the reservations during
each of the war years to take jobs in ordnance
depots, in aircraft factories, on the railroads,
and in other war industries. The older men,
the women, and the children, who stayed at
home, increased their production of food in
spite of the lack of help. The Indians invested
more than $17,000,000 of restricted funds in
war bonds, and their individual purchases pro-
bably amount to twice that sum. They sub-
scribed liberally to the Red Cross and to the
Army and Navy Relief societies. The mothers of
the soldiers organized War Mothers clubs in
their communities, and every soldier received
letters and gifts while he was in the service. The
clubs helped to entertain the boys who came
home on furlough, and now that the war is
over, they are making plans for war memorials
in honor of the fallen.

Reflecting the heroic spirit of Indians at war
in every theater of action, the list of those
specially selected to receive military honors
grows steadily. We shall never know of all
the courageous acts performed "with utter
disregard for personal safety," but the proved
devotion of all Indian peoples on the home
front and the conspicuous courage of their
sons and daughters in the various services en-
title them to share in common the honors I e
stowed upon the few here noted.

CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR
The blue star-sprinkled ribbon of the highest
award of all is given for "conspicuous gallan-
try at the risk of life above and beyond the
coll of duty." Relatively few of these medals
have been given, and the nation may well be
proud of the fact that two Indians thus far
hove won it. The story of Lt. Ernest Childers,
Creek, was told in Indians at Work for May-
June 1944; that of Lt. Jock Montgomery,
Cherokee, in the January-February number,
1945.

DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS
The highest aviation honor is given for
heroism or extraordinary achievement while
participating in aeriol flight. The ribbon is
blue, with a white-bordered red stripe in the
center and white stripes near the ends. Thirty
or more Indians have been awarded this medal

T-Sgt. Harold E. Rogers, Scneco, with HI flying mascot Milter

thus far, and their stories have been told in
various issues of Indians at Work,

Mention has already been made of Lt.
William R. Fredenberg, Menominee, of Wis-
consin, who wears this ribbon and also has
the Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters.
The citation for the DFC reads as follows:

"Lieutenant Fredenberg demonstrated su-
perior skill in the execution of a dive-bombing
ottack upon a heavily defended marshalling
yard wherein he personally destroyed three lo-
comotives and thereafter in the face of heavy
and accurate enemy fire remained in the tar-
get area strafing installations until his am-
munition was exhausted. The outstanding
flying ability and tactical proficiency which
he exhibited on this occasion reflected the
highest credit upon himself and his organiza-
tion,"

Sgt. Shuman Shaw, a full-blood Paiute from
California, was wounded on his third mission
as a tail-gunner on a B-24 Liberator, but he
stayed with his guns and shot down two of
the enemy, with three more probably destroy-
ed. During his 22nd mission, while raiding
strategic installations at Budapest, he was
again seriously wounded. On both occasions
he was given plasma. Sgt. Shaw has the Dis-
tinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with
three oak leaf clusters, the Presidential Unit
Citation, and the Purple Heart with ook leaf
cluster.

AIR MEDAL, DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS
Harold E. Rogers, Seneca from Miami, Okla-
homa, was reported missing in action on July
3, 1944, when his plane failed to return from
a mission over Budapest. Sgt. Rogers had flown
25 missions with the 8th Air Force in England,
and then served as instructor in the United
States for six months. He went back into ac-
tion, this time with the 1 5th Air Force, based in
Italy. He wore the Air Medal with nine oak
leaf clusters, and the Distinguished Flying
Cross. The Purple Heart was awarded to him
posthumously. His wife, a Potawatomi from
Kansas, who now lives in Hollywood, was a
student at Haskell Institute with her husband,
and Sgt. Rogers was studying law at the time

he entered the service. He also attended Sher-
man Institute and Riverside Junior College.

SILVER STAR TO A YOUNG ARTIST

A soldier who is cited for gallantry in action,
when that gallantry does not warrant the
aword of a Medal of Honor or a Distinguished
Service Cross, is given the Silver Star.

This decoration was awarded posthumously
to Ben Quintana, a Keres, from Cochiti Pueblo.
According to the citation, Ben was "an am-
munition carrier in a light machine gun squad-
ron charged with protection of the right flank
of his troop which was counterattacked by su-
perior numbers." The gunner was killed and
the assistant gunner severely wounded. "Pri-
vate Quintana," the citation continues, "re-
fused to retire from this hazardous position
and gallantly rushed forward to the silenced
gun and delivered a withering fire into the
enemy, inflicting heavy casualties. While so
engaged he was mortally wounded. By this
extraordinary courage he repulsed the coun-
terattack and prevented the envelopment of
the right flonk of his troop. Private Quin-
tana's unflinching devotion to duty and hero-
ism under fire inspired his troop to attack
and seize the enemy strong point."

With Ben Quintana's death the country hos
lost one of its most promising young artists.
At the age of 15, he won first prize over 80
contestants, of whom 7 were Indians, for a
poster to be used in the Coronado Cuarto Cen-
tennial celebration. Later, he won first prize
and $1,000 in an American Magazine contest
in which there were 52,587 entries.

SILVER STAR TO SHERMAN GRADUATE

Captain Leonard Lowry, a graduate of Sher-
man Institute, also wears the Silver Star. He
was a first lieutenant at the time of the cita-
tion, which says: "He was advancing with an
infantry force of 500 men when they were
halted by the enemy and the leading elements
were pinned dawn. It wos imperative that
this force get through. Lt. Lowry assumed
command and directed temporary security
measures. He then organized a small com-
bat patrol and personally led it in storming
the enemy elements that were delaying the

unit's advance." Capt. Lowry has been
wounded several times.

LED THE WAY FOR TANKS

The Shoshones proudly claim Marine Pfc.
Leonard A. Webber, of Fort Hall, Idaho, who
received his Silver Star "for gallantry and in-
trepidity while serving with the Second Marine
Division, during action against enemy Japan-
ese forces on Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, from
November 22 to November 23, 1943. During
this period, when radio communication was
out, he performed duties as runner between
the tank battalion command post, tanks,
and infantry front line positions, with utter dis-
regard for his own personol sofefy in the face
of heavy enemy gunfire. His skill and devo-
tion to duty contributed greatly to the main-
taining of communication of tank units. His
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity were in
keeping with the highest tradition of the Uni-
ted States Naval Service."

Later, for action in 1944, Leonard Webber,
now a Corporal, received the Bronze Star.
This decoration is awarded for meritorious or

heroic achievement or service, not involving
participation in aerial flight, in connection with
military operations against an enemy of the
United States. The citation for the Bronze
Star reads:

"For meritorious achievement in action
against the enemy on Saipan and Tinian, Mari-
anas Islands, from 15 June to 1 August, 1944,
while serving os a reconnaissance man in a
Marine tank battalion. With aggressive de-
termination and fearless devotion to duty Cor-
poral Webber reconnoitered routes of advance
for tanks in the face of intense enemy fire. On
one occasion, he led a tank platoon over ex-
ceedingly dangerous and perilous terrain, while
under heovy mortar ond small-arms fire, to
support the infantry advance and make it
possible for his tank platoon to inflict severe
casualties on the enemy. His cool courage
and outstanding ability contributed in a large
measure to the success of the tank operation.
His conduct throughout was in keeping with
the highest traditions of the United States
Naval Service."

SILVER STAR FOR A CHEROKEE

The mother and father of Pvt. Blaine Queen
received the Silver Star posthumously awarded
to their son for heroism in action in Germany.
Pvt. Queen, a Cherokee from North Carolina,
was with a platoon engaged in sharp action with

the enemy. They were under heavy fire from
nearby enemy positions, and when their am-
munition began to run dangerously low, Pvt.
Queen volunteered to leave his foxhole and go
for the needed supplies. As he ran he was mor-
tally wounded, but in spite of his wound he kept
on toward his destination until death overtook
him.

A POTAWATOMI LEADS THE WAY
Pfc. Albert Wahweotten, Potawotomi from
Kansos, received the Silver Star from his com-
manding general last February in Germany.
According to the citation, Pfc. Wahweotten,
armed with an M-l rifle and a bozooka, worked
his way 200 yards beyond the front lines to a
house occupied by the enemy. In spite of heavy
fire, he crawled to within ten yards of the
house, which he set on fire with the bazooka.
Then he went into the burning building ond
captured twelve Germans, eliminating the last
enemy resistance in the town.

INITIATIVE, BRAVERY, AND GALLANTRY
An Iowa-Choctaw, also from Kansas, was
another winner of the Silver Star for gallantry
in action against the Germans. When his su-
perior officer was disabled, Pfc. Thurman E.
Nanomantube took over the duties of section
leader of a heavy machine gun section, and
with complete disregard for his own safety ran

across fifty yards of open ground, swept by
heavy fire, in order to help a gunner whose gun
was not working properly. When the battalion
was pinned down by artillery fire, he gave first
aid to two wounded men and handled another
skillfully in order to keep him from becoming
the victim of combat exhaustion. The citation
praises Pfc. Nanomantube for his initiative,
bravery, and gallantry

DECORATION FOR A PAPAGO

An engineers outfit, in combat for 165 con-
tinuous doys on Luzon, needed the bulldozer
which Pfc. Norris L. Galvez, Papago of Sells,
Arizona, was driving up the road. Pfc. Norris
was told that the Jops had two automatic
weapons firing across the road ahead, but he
decided that the bulldozer must go through
and unhesitating I y drove the unprotected ma-
chine through the field of fire, an action which
brought him a citation and the Silver Star.
HERO'S SON RECEIVES MEDAL

Alec Hodge is only six years old, but he
knows what war means. He knows, too, the
pride with which soldiers receive their medals,
for on Alec's small chest was recently pinned
the Bronze Star posthumously awarded to his
father, Pfc. Otto Hodge, a Yurok-Hoopa, who
was killed in action in Italy. The youngster
stood straight, as befits the son of a warrior,
and listened to the words of the citation: "For
heroic achievement in action arjainst the enemy
from September 10 to September 23, 1944."

Then he solemnly shook the proffered hand
of Brigadier General Oscar B. Abbott, who
mode the award. The ceremony was held at
the Areata Naval Auxiliary Air Station near
Eureka, California, on April 6, 1945.

Alec has two uncles in the service. One,
Fireman Henry Hodge, is on sea duty in the
South Pacific, while the other, Pvt. James
Hodge, is serving in Europe. Both uncles are
graduates of Sherman Institute and are the
sons of Mrs. Carrie Hodge of Trinidad, Cali-
fornia.

ORDEAL BY FIRE
The citation accompanying the Bronze Star
Medal awarded to Pvt. Houston Stevens, Kicka-
poo from Shawnee, Oklahoma, reads:

"For heroic achievement near St. Raphael,
France, on 1 5 August 1 944. Struck by an aerial
bomb as it neared shore during the invasion of
Southern France, LST 282 was burning fiercely
and ammunition aboard was exploding con-
tinuously. Unmindful of the intense heat and
the exploding ammunition, Pvt. Stevens
manned a 50-caliber machine gun located
within ten yards of the explosion. Though his
hair and eyebrows were singed by the spread-
ing flames, he remained at his post and con-
tined to fire the gun at the enemy plane. By
his devotion to duty, Pvt. Stevens prevented
additional damage by the plane. His action re-
flects credit upon himself and the armed forces
of the United States."

WITH THE FAMOUS IVY LEAF

Sgt. Perry Skenandore, Oneido from Wiscon-
sin, wears two roWs of ribbons, as well as the
blue bar for the Presidential Unit Citation.
He has been awarded the Silver Star, the
Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster, and the
Soldier's Medal. His European theater rib-
bon carries three battle stars and the bronze
arrow which stands for the invasion of Nor-
mandy. Sgt. Skenandore is a member of
the 4th Infantry Division, the Ivy Leaf, a fight-
ing outfit which is described by a Stars and
Stripes correspondent as follows:

"After 199 days, ending March 9, in con-
tinuous contact with the German army, the
4th Division closed a chapter that carried it
through some of the most famous battles of
the present war.

"Starting on August 24 with the headlong
rush into Paris, which they liberoted the next
day, the 4th's men never lost sight of the
grey-uniformed Wehrmacht until they had it
on the run towards the Rhine.

"Included in the nearly seven months of
grinding up Nazi hordes were the mad dash
across Northern France and Belgium; the lib-
eration of such towns as Chauny, St. Quentin,
St. Hubert, Bastogne, and St. Vith. The
doughs never stopped their eastward drive un-
til they had bowled through the Siegfried Line.
The 4th Division was the first unit to enter
German soil on September 1 1,

"History has recorded their successful but

bloody Bottle of the Huertgen Forest and their
magnificent stand before the city of Luxem-
bourg in those dark days of December, when,
according to Lt. Gen, George Patton, Jr., 'a
tired division halted the left shoulder of the
German thrust into the American lines and
saved the city of Luxembourg.'

"From this action the Ivy Leaf Division went
over to the offensive, crossing the Sure River
and eating into the bulge the enemy had
built up. Switching to the St. Vith sector, they
fought their way through the Siegfried Line
in exactly the same place where they had
pushed through in September. This made
four times they had passed through the maze
of steel and concrete that was once considered
almost impregnable."

Sgt. Skenandore has a good deal to tell
about his division and its accomplishments
against the Nazis, but little information about
himself. The ribbons, however, speak for him.
HELD THE LINES

The Bronze Star Medal was awarded to
Corporal Calvin Flying Bye, Sioux, of Little
Eagle, South Dakota, "for heroic achievement
in Germany on 29 and 30 November 1944. . .
During these two days, when his division at-
tacked a fortified enemy town, communication
lines between the forward observer and his
battalion were severed. In spite of heavy en-
emy fire which was falling not more than 15
yards from him, he checked the lines and con-
stantly maintained them without getting any
sleep for 48 hours. His courage end devotion
to duty reflect great credit upon himself and
the military service."

AN ALASKAN SCORES

Pfc. Herbert Bremner, Tlingit, of Yakutat,
Alaska, has been given the Bronze Star for
heroic action in Holland:

"While the Anti-Tank Platoon which was
supporting the assault battalion was moving
its weapons forward to engage four enemy
tanks which were holding up the progress of
the bottalion, two of the prime movers were
damaged by intense mortar ond machine gun
fire, and it was necessary to repair them be-
fore they could be used to move the weapons
into position. Without regard for his personal

safety, Private Bremner manned the machine
gun, which was in an exposed position on top
of one of the vehicles. His determined, ac-
curate fire forced the enemy tanks to with-
draw, thus permitting the bottalion to ad-
vance to its objective. The high standard of
courage of Private Bremner was a large fac-
tor in enabling the battalion to gain its objec-
tive and is a distinct credit to this soldier and
the military service."

INSPIRED HIS COMRADES
Morion W. McKeever, Flathead, from Mon-
tana, was awarded the Bronze Star posthum-
ously "for meritorious achievement in connec-
tion with military operations against the ene-
my at Bougainville, Solomon Islands, on March
10, 1944. During a counterattack to destroy
the enemy forces, when his platoon made an
advance against enemy positions. Pvt. Mc-
Keever moved up aggressively to engage the
enemy. Moving up as far as possible he
crossed a machine gun lane and the enemy
opened fire, killing him instantly. Because
of his daring movement in spite of the heavy
fire, he was one of the most forward men of
the platoon. His oction was cool and brave
and was an inspiration to all who served with
him."

THE BRONZE STAR FOR AN INFANTRYMAN
A posthumous award of the Bronze Star
Medal was made to Cpl. Jack E. Martz, Yurok-
Smith River Indian from Grants Pass, Oregon.
During an assault on enemy lines in Holland,
Cpl. Mattz crept forward toward a dugout con-
taining o large number of the enemy, killed
several of them with his sub-machine gun, and
when his ammunition ran out, accounted for
the rest by using hand grenades. A few hours
later he was killed by shell fire.

SAVED BY PARTISANS
Two Indian gunners with the 1 5th Air Force,
based in Italy, had similar stories to tell of
parachute jumps in Balkan territory. S-Sgt.
Cornelius Wakoiee, Potowatomi, from Kan-
sas, was forced to bail out over Yugoslavia
when his Liberator bomber was hit by heavy
flak. He was reported missing on October 14,
and returned to duty some six weeks later, af-
ter a long walk, guided across enemy-held

territory by Yugoslav partisans. Some months
afterward, T-Sgt. Roy Gonyea, from the Onon-
daga Reservation, New York, made a similar
jump and landed in a village held by the par-
tisans, who helped him and his crew back to
their base — after an hilarious celebration. Sgt.
Gonyeo holds the Air Medal with two oak leaf
clusters, and the Purple Heart. Sgt. Wakolee
has three clusters to the Air Medal.

PURPLE HEART, FOUR CLUSTERS
Danny B. Marshall, Creek, from Holdenville,
Oklahoma, has evaded death dozens of times
and has been wounded eight times. Five of his
wounds required hospital treatment, but the
other three times he had first aid and did not
report at o hospital. He has been hit in the
face, head, arms, leg, and back, and has the
Purple Heart with four clusters, the Bronze
Star, the Good Conduct medal, the Combat
Infantryman's Badge, and five battle stars
for service in Italy, including the Anzio beach-
head and Rome, and the invasion of Southern
France.

A SUBMARINE VETERAN

"The greatest thrill of all," said John Red-
day, Sioux, from South Dakota, "was to pass
through the Golden Gate and set foot again on
American soil." This remark was made after
21 months' service in a submarine patrolling
South Pacific waters. During this time the
sub sank fourteen and damaged seven enemy
vessels. Among them was one of Japan's
largest freighters, which was destroyed by
gunfire alone.

The thrills ond dangers of submarine war-
fare were many, according to Redday. Once
a sub-chaser, disguised as a transport, discov-
ered them while they were surfaced, and depth
charges fell all around them before they could
submerge. The charges were so terrific that
the overhead motors were sheared off. An-
other time an enemy destroyer caught their
propguard with a grappling iron and pulled
them forty feet toward the surface before they
could get away. In escaping they dived far
below normal depth and the pressure was so
great that water leaked in from all sides.

Redday was transferred to the Veterans'
Hospital at Minneapolis a year ago because of

John Had day

tuberculosis, and is slowly improving in the
free air of his homeland.

A NAVAJO FIGHTS ON TWO FRONTS

Dragging one wounded soldier, helping sup-
port another, his own bock and legs torn by
shrapnel, a twenty-year-old Navajo made his
way across three hundred yards of knee-deep
snow. Safe in his own lines again, he did not
bother to go to the aid station. This is only
one of the stories told about Sgt. Clifford Et-
sitty, a star patrol scout of the Western front.
Another time he was within 30 yards of the
enemy when a machine gun opened up on his
patrol. "The Chief," as he is known in the
Army, flattened out and with six shots finish-
ed the half-dozen Nazis who barred his way.

Etsitty received his first Purple Heart on
Attu, where he killed 40 Japs in 20 days. This
was night ambush detail. Clad in white snow
suits, the soldiers lay in wait for enemies and

picked them off as they approached. The
cold, dangerous work ended when a bursting
mortar shell smashed the Navajo's jaw and
sent him to the hospital for seven months. As
soon as he was discharged, he was sent to the
99th Division and continued his remarkable
career on the German front.

FORESIGHT AND SOUND DECISION

The Bronze Star has also been received by
Staff Sgt. David E. Kenote, Wisconsin Meno-
minee, "for meritorious service in connection
with military operations against an enemy of
the United States, in France, from 1 August

1944 to 31 October 1944. Sgt. Kenote inaug-
urated a system of stock records and a proce-
dure for requisitioning which enabled the Ad-
jutant General, Third United States Army, suc-
cessfully to supply and distribute War Depart-
ment publications and blank forms to Third
Army troops. The foresight of this non-com-
missioned officer, and his careful planning and
energetic execution achieved continuous sup-
ply during all phases of a rapidly moving op-
eration. His pljns were simple and workable,
and .his decisions were sound. The zealous
devotion to duty of Sgt. Kenote reflects great
credit upon himself and the military forces of
the United States."

Sjt. Jimmy Deilay, Apache, itands gucrd ot the gotcwoy to Rome 01 thj U.S. Army eaten the city

AWARDS FOR VALOR

CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR

Lt. Jack C. Montgomery Cherokee, Oklahoma

Lt. Ernest Childers Creek, Oklahoma

SILVER STAR

S/Sgt. Francis B. Brave Sioux, Oklahoma

Lt. William Sixkiller, Jr Cherokee, Oklahoma

Pfc. Warren Gullickson Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. James R. Alexander Lummi, Washington

Cpl. Leonard Webber Shoshone, Idaho

Lt. James Sulphur Creek, Oklahoma

T/4 Roger K. Paul Blackfeet, Montana

Sgt. Knowlton Merritt Klamath-Modoc, Oregon

Sgt. Perry Skenandore Oneida, Wisconsin

Pfc. Ben Quintana Cochiti Puebto, New Mexico

Cpl. Vincent Village Center Sioux, South Dakota

T/Sgt. Joseph Lawrence Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. Francis Shaw Paiute, Nevada

Pfc. Philip Kowice Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico

Lt. Jack C. Montgomery Cherokee, Oklahoma

Sgt. Bob Allen Choctaw, Mississippi

Pvt. Blaine Queen Cherokee, North Carolina

Pvt. Eugene Roubideaux Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. Alonzo Enos Pima, Arizona

Pfc. Albert Wahweotten Potawatomi, Kansas

Sgt. Clifford Etsitty Navajo, New Mexico

Bert G. Eaglehorse Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. George W. Walker Cherokee, North Carolina

Sgt. Leo Upshaw Navajo, New Mexico

Pfc. Thurman E. Nanomontube Iowa-Choctaw, Kansas

Pfc. Norris L. Galvez Papago, Arizona

Pvt. Vincent Hunts Horses Sioux, South Dakota

DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS

Lt. William R. Fredenberg Menominee, Wisconsin

Lt. Richard Balenti. Cheyenne-Haida, Oklahoma

S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson Hoopa, California

S/Sgt. Shumon Shaw Paiute, California

S/Sgt. Neil McKinnon Yurok, California (1 cluster)

S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino Shoshone, Idaho

T/5gt. Theodore S. Breiner Sioux, North Dakota

S/Sgt. Ernest DuBray Blackfeef, Montana (3 clusters)

Lt. Alfred Houser Apache, Oklahoma (1 cluster)

S/Sgt. Albert Lopez Delaware, Oklahoma

Lt. Edward Tinker Osage, Oklahoma (2 clusters)

S/Sgf. Archie Hawkins Sioux, South Dakota

S/Sgt. Steve Brown Paiute, Nevada

T/Sgt. Harold E. Rogers Seneca, Oklahoma

S-Sgt. Robert C. Kirkoldte Assiniboine, Montana

AWARDS FOR VALOR

AIR MEDAL

S/Sgt. Roger Worlee Paiute, Nevada (9 clusters)

S/Sgt. Shuman Shaw Paiute, California (3 clusters)

T/Sgt. Waldron A. Frazier Sioux, South Dakota

S/Sgt. Cornelius L. Wakolee. .Potawatomi, Okla. (3 clusters)
S/Sgt. Clifton J. Rabideaux. . . .Chippewa, Minn. (5 clusters)

S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson Hoopo, California

T/Sgt. Oliver Gibbs Chippewa, Minnesota (3 clusters)

Lt. Charles Smith Bannock, Idaho

S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino Shoshone, Idaho (12 clusters)

Lt. John Cook Mohawk, New York

T/Sgt. Orus Baxter, Jr Creek, Oklahoma

S/Sgt. Abe Zuni Isleta Pueblo, N. M. (3 clusters)

T/Sgt. Forrest J. Gerard Blackfeet, Montana

S/Sgt. Jesse LaBuff Blackfeet, Montana (2 clusters)

Sgt. Floyd Monroe Blackfeet, Montana (1 cluster)

Lt. Kenneth M. Lee Sioux, South Dakota (1 cluster)

Pfc. Albert E. Fairbanks. . . .Chippewa, Minnesota (1 cluster)

S/Sgt. Earl M. Thomas Lummi, Washington (1 cluster)

Sgt. Cloyd I. Gooday Apache, Oklahoma

T/Sgt. Kent C. Ware Kiowa, Oklahoma (2 clusters)

Lt. Myers Wahnee Comanche, Oklahoma (clusters)

S/Sgt. Fred B. Larmer Sioux, South Dakota

Sgt. John C. Rustemeyer Sioux, South Dakota

T/Sgt. Cleveland J. Bordeaux Sioux, S. Dak. (4 clusters)

Sgt. Lawrence R. Morris Iowa, Kansas

S/5gt. John Lee Redeagle Quapaw, Oklahoma

S/Sgt. Albert Lopez Delaware, Oklahoma (1 cluster)

S/Sgt. Glenn Black Quileute, Washington (4 clusters)

Sgt. Joseph Black Quileute, Washington

Lt. John C. Dirickson Osage, Oklahoma (1 cluster)

S/Sgt. Blaze Savage Chippewa, Minnesota

S/Sgt. Archie Hawkins Sioux, South Dakota

S/Sgt. Steve Brown Paiute, Nevada ■

T/Sgt. Harold E, Rogers Seneco, Oklahoma(9 clusters)

Lt. Charles E. Harris Pawnee, Oklahoma (1 cluster)

S-Sgt. Robert C. Kirkaldie. . . Assiniboine, Montana (3 clusters)

DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS (BRITISH)
Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF) Osage, Oklahoma

DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER (3RITISH)
Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF) Osage, Oklahoma

SOLDIER'S MEDAL

Sgt. Perry Skenandore Oneida, Wisconsin

AWARDS FOR VALOR

BRONZE STAR MEDAL

Pfc. Herbert M. Bremner Tlingit, Alaska

S/Sgf. David E. Kenote Menominee, Wisconsin

Pfc. William A. Davis Chippewa, North Dakota

Cpl. Samuel Powvall Mission, California

Pfc. Bernard Tracy Navajo, New Mexico

Pfc. Otto Hodge Yurok, California

Cpl. Leonard Webber Shoshone, Idaho

Cpl. Jimmy Begay Navojo, New Mexico

Sgt. Louis Provost Omaho, South Dakota

Pfc. Harvey Natchees Ute, Utah

Pfc. Danny B. Marshall Creek, Oklahoma

T/5 Calvin Dailey Otoe, Oklahoma

Pfc. Ray Toledo Navajo, New Mexico

Walter Key Biye, AOMi 'lie . .Navajo, Arizona

Pfc. Augustine Smith Paiute-Klamath, Oregon

S/Sgt. Walter J. Roberts Seminole, Oklahoma

Cpl. Calvin Flying Bye Sioux, South Dakota

Cpl. Bert Orben Good Chippewa, Minnesota

T/5 Warren Adams Blackfeet-Gros Ventre, Montana

Lt. Myron W. Anderson Blackfeet, Montana

Pvt. Marion McKeever Flathead, Montana

Sgt. Perry Skenandore Oneida, Wisconsin

Pfc. Joe C. Lewis Papago, Arizona

Cpl. Romon Juan Papago, Arizona

T/3 John E. Snyder .Seneca, New York

Pfc. John W. Kionut '. Coddo, Oklahoma

Sgt. Lanert Brown Eyes Sioux, South Dakota

Cpl. Garfield T. Brown Sioux, South Dakota

Sgt. Norman Janis Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. Carl Broken Rope Sioux, South Dakota

Donald O'Neal Arapahoe, Wyoming

Sgt. Bert H. Jefferson Lummi, Washington

Pfc. Leonard Johnny Nooksack, Washington

Pfc. August L. Smith Mokah-Lummi, Washington

Lt. James M. Ware Osage, Oklahoma

Pvt. Lester D. Douglcs Navajo, New Mexico

Nat Becenti Navajo, New Mexico

Sgt. Jose P. Benovidez Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico

Pfc. Harvey Walking Eagle Sioux, South Dakota

Cpl. Jack E. Mattz Yurok, California

Pvt. Houston Stevens Kickapoo, Oklahoma

Sgt. Leo Upshow Navajo, New Mexico

Sgt. Augustine Chico Papago, Arizona

Cpl. Ralph Andres Papago, Arizona

Cpl. Lyndreth Palmer Kiowa, Oklahoma

Pvt. LeRoy Hamlin Ute, Colorado

Pvt. Vance Broken Rope Sioux, South Dakota

Pvt. Leonard White Bull Sioux, South Dakota

Pvt. Alex Hernandez Sioux, South Dakota

Pfc. Clyde Smith Huolapai, Arizona

CEREMONIAL DANCES IN THE PACIFIC

tOne of the lost stories wr.-(ten fay Ernie' Pyle before
his trogic death on le Island was about the Indians of
the First Marine Division on Okinawa. It is reprinted here
by permission of Scripps-Howard Newspapers and United
Feature Syndicate, Inc. The ceremonial dances, according
to Marine Combat Correspondent Walter Wood, included
the Apoche Devil Donee, the Eocle Donee, the Hoop
Donee, the War Dance, and the Novo/o Mountain Chant.
Besides the Navajos, Sioux, Comanche, Apache, Pima,
Kiowa, Pueblo, and Crow Indians took part in the
ceremonies J

By ERNIE PYLE

Okinawa — (By Novy Radio); — Back nearly
two -years ogo when I was with Oklahoma s
45th Division in Sicily and loter in Italy, I
learned that they had a number of Navajo In-
dians in communications.

When secret orders had to be given over
the phone these boys gave them to one an-
other in Navajo. Practically nobody in the
world understands Navajo except another Na-
vajo.

Well, my regiment of First Division Marines
hos the same thing. There are about eight In-
dians who do this special work. They ore good
Marines and are very proud of being so.

There are two brothers among them, both
named Joe. Their last names are the ones
that are different. I guess that's a Navojo
custom, though I never knew of it before.

One brother, Pfc. Joe Gatewood, went to the
Indian School in Albuquerque. In fact our
house is on the very same street, and Joe said
it sure was good to see somebody from home.

Joe has been out here three years. He is
34 and has five children back home whom he
would like to see. He was wounded several
months ago and got the Purple Heart.

Joe's brother is Joe Kellwood who has also
been out here three years. A couple of the
others are Pfc. Alex Williams of Winslow,
Ariz., and Pvt. Oscar Carroll of Fort Defiance,
Ariz., which is the capital of the Navajo reser-
vation. Most of the boys are from around
Fort Defiance and used to work for the Indian
Bureau.

The Indian boys knew before we got fo Okin-
awa that the invasion landing wasn't going to
be very tough. They were the only ones in the
convoy who did know it. For one thing they
saw signs and for another they used their own
influence.

Before the convoy left the far south tropical
island where the Navajos had been training
since the last campaign, the boys put on a cere-
monial dance.

The Red Cross furnished some colored cloth
and paint to stain their faces. They made up
the rest of their Indian costumes from chicken
feathers, sea shells, coconuts, empty ration
cans and rifle cartridges.

Then they did their own native ceremonial
chonts and dances out there under the tropical
palm trees with several thousand Marines as
a grave audience.

In their chant they osked the great gods in
the sky to sap the Japanese of their strength
for this blitz. They put the finger of weakness
on the Japs. And then they ended their cere-
monial chant by singing the Marine Corps
song in Novajo.

I asked Joe Gatewood if he really felt their
dance had something to do with the ease of

our landing and he soid the boys did believe
so ond were very serious about it, himself in-
cluded.

"I knew nothing was going to happen to us,"
Joe said, "for on the way up here there was a
rainbow over the convoy and I knew then ev-
erything would be all right."

A CHOCTAW LEADS THE GUERRILLAS

In April 1945, after more than three years
as a guerrilla leader in the Philippines, Lt.
Col. Edward Ernest McClish came home to Ok-
mulgee, Oklahoma, where his family, who had
refused to believe him dead, waited for him.
Some of his story has been told in American
Guerrilla in the Philippines, by Ira Wolfert, and
other detoils have been added in a report given
to the Public Relations Bureau of the Wor De-
partment by Col. McClish. It is an extraordi-
nary tale of accomplishment against great
odds.

Lt. Col. McClish, a Choctaw, who graduated
from Haskell Institute in 1 929 and from Bacone
College two years later, was colled to active duty
in the National Guard in 1940, and early in
1941 he arrived in the Philippines, where he
become commander of a company of Philip-
pine scouts. In August he went to Panay to
mobilize units of the Philippine Army there,
and as commander of the Third Battalion he
moved his men to Negros, where they were
stationed when the war broke out. Late in
December they crossed by boat to Mindanao,
and there oil the Moro bolo battalions were
added to McClish's command.

The Japanese did not reach Mindanao un-
til April 29, 1942, shortly before the American
capitulation on Luzon, and Col. McClish's men
fought them for nearly three weeks. When
forces on the island finally surrendered, Mc-
lish, a casualty in the hospital, some distance
from headquarters, was fortunately unable to
join his men. Instead of capitulating he began
to organize a guerrilla army.

By September 1942, he had an organization
of more than 300 soldiers, with four machine
guns, 150 rifles, and six boxes of ammuni-
tion. Some American and Filipino officers had
escaped capture and joined the staff. In the
early stages of the organization, McClish got
word of a Colonel Fertig, of the Army En-
gineers, who was working along similar lines in
the western part of Mindanao, and he managed
to reach Fertig by travelling in a small sailboat
along the coast. The two men decided to con-

solidate their commands, and Colonel Fertig
asked McClish to organize the fighting forces
in the four eastern provinces of the island as
the 1 1 0th Division.

Organization was at first very difficult. In-
dependent guerrilla bands had sprung up all
over the island, some of them composed of
robbers and bandits who terrorized the villages.
Some were anti-American, says Colonel Mc-
lish. Most of them lacked military training and
education. But slowly the work proceeded.
The bandits were disarmed and jailed; the
friendly natives were trained, and young men
qualified to be officers were commissioned. By
the spring of 1943 McClish had assembled a
full-strength regiment in each of the three pro-
vinces, a fourth had been started, and Division
headquarters staff had been completed.

Simultaneously with the military organiza-
tion, civil governments were set up in each
province. Wherever possible, the officials who
had held jobs in pre-war days were reappointed,
provided that they had not collaborated with
the Japanese. Provincial and municipal offi-
cials worked hond in hand with the military,
and helped greatly to build up the army's
Strength.

Because of the shortage of food, reports
Colonel McClish, a Food Administrator and a
Civil and a Judicial Committee were appointed
to begin agricultural and industrial rehabilita-
tion. Army projects for the production of food
and materials of war were begun throughout
the Division area, and all able-bodied men be-
tween the ages of 18 and 50 were required to
give one day's work each week to one of these
projects. They raised vegetables, pigs, pouJtry,
sugar cane, and other foods. The manufacture
of sugar, soap, alcohol, and coconut oil was
started. Fishing was encouraged. In seme of
the provinces food production was increased
beyond the peacetime level. The civilians real-
ized that they were part of the army, and that
only a total effort could defeat the enemy.

The public relations office published a news-
paper, and headquarters kept in communica-

tion with the regiments in each province by
radio, by telephone (when wire was available),
or by runner. The guerrillas acquired launches
and barges which had been kept hidden from
the Japanese, and these were operated by
home-made alcohol and coconut oil. Seven
trucks provided more transport, but it was
safer and easier to use the sea than The land.
In order to maintain their motor equipment,
they "obtained" a complete machine shop
from o Japanese lumbering company in their
territory.

From September 15, 1942, to January 1,
1 945, while McClish's work of organization and

administration was continuing, his guerrilla
forces were fighting the Japanese, and more
than 350 encounters — ambushes, raids on pa-
trols and small garrisons, and general engage-
ments — were listed on their records. One hund-
red and fifteen men were killed and sixty-four
wounded. Enemy losses were estimated at more
than 3000 killed and six hundred wounded.
The guerrillas finally made contact with the
American forces in the South Pacific and sup-
plied them with valuable information about the
enemy which was extremely helpful when the
time for the invosion of the Philippines came
at last. They did their part in bringing about
the final victory in the Pacific.

Prt. Cloienec Spotted Wo II

AN EMPTY SADDLE

"If I should be killed, I want you to bury me cession. It is pleasing to fancy the spirits of
on one of the hills east of the place where my brave warriors long departed watching benign-
grandparents and brothers and sisters and 1y from the Happy Hunting Grounds,
other relatives are buried. As for the empty saddle — who knows?

"If you have a memorial service, I want the
soldiers to go ahead with the American flag.
I want cowboys to follow, all on horseback. I
want one of the cowboys to lead one of the
wildest of the T over X horses with saddle and
bridle on.

"I will be riding that horse."

Such were the written instructions left by
Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf, full-blood Gros
Ventre, with his tribesmen. He was killed
December 21, 1944, in Luxembourg.

Pvt. Spotted Wolf was born May 18, 1914.
He entered the service in Januory, 1942, and
a year later was transferred to o tank battalion.
He went overseas in August, 1944,

On January 28, in Elbowoods, North Dako-
ta, the memorial service he had foreseen was
held in his honor. It was an impressive cere-
mony. The Stars and Stripes presided over the
winter-bare hills where Clarence Spotted
Wolf's family and friends carried out his
wishes. There were soldiers; there were cow-
boys; and his own saddle had been placed on
the T over X horse, which was led in the pro-

WE HONOR THESE DEAD

Lonnie Allen
Adam Harney
Ernest Stanley
Johnnie Goodluck
Haskell A. Osife
Antony Jose
Joe Terry
Willacot Anfon
Robert E. Allison
Joshua Morris
Leander Shelde
Joseph Thomas
Percy Osife
Fred Washington
Phillip Largo
Thomos Throssell
Alfred Perkins
Alfred Ferguson
Frank Banashley
Thomas Altaha
Ralph Adny

Norman Puhuquaptewa
Walter Nelson
Stetson Pahayeoma
Waiter Keyannie
Kayah Gale
Harold Poncho
Clarence Beeson
Allen Honawahoya
Roy Hoahtewa
Alfonso Zeyouma
Eugene Mansfield
Alton Kidde
Evans Reede
Frank Reede
Edmund Smith
Silas Lefthand
Fred R. Loukai
Felix Ashley
Sam J. Earl
Antonio J. Alvarez
Alonzo Antone
Ventura B. Carlos
Venito M Condio
Austin Francisco
Lawrence Garcia
Joe Gonzales
Joe C. Lewis
Dennis Manuel
Fred James
Henry Isaac Norris
Joseph Hendricks
Stephen Thomas Carrillo
Johnston Peters
Edward Harris

ARIZONA
Apache (San Carlos)
Apache (San Carlos)
Apache (San Carlos)
Navajo
Pima

Pima - . r ,

Pima

Papago

Pima

Maricopa

Apache (Fort Apache)

Hopi

Navajo

Hopi

Navajo

Hopi

Apache (San Carlos)

Navajo

Papago

Popago

Papago

Pima

Papago

Pacific
France
Luxembourg
France

Papago
Pima
Papago
16

U. S. A.
Leyte -
France
Luzon
Italy

Germany
Luxembourg
Luzon
Leyte

Luxembourg

Pacific

France

Germany

Pacific *

Philippines

U. S. A.

Pacific

New Britain

Luzon

Germany

Luzon

Burma

Pacific

Luzon

France

Belgium

Italy

Luzon

Italy

Luzon

Pacific

England

Luzon

Okinawa

Germany

Okinawa

Raymond T. Carrillo
Alfred Tsosie
El wood King
Joe Singer
Tom Singer
Waiter Key Biye

Reginaldo Helms
John P. Emeterio
Otto Hodge
Baron D. Risling
Romaldo Natt
Joe Blacktooth
Augustine Quevas
Lee M. Angel
Gilbert Cleland
George Estrada
Steve Levi
Merced Norte
Gene Pablo
Philip Peters
Fred Rodriguez
Bob Smith
Wilfred Ward
William Besoain
Melvin Cadoza
Henry Davis
John Duncan
Charles L. Hendersor
James Ladd
Eugene Lewis
Jack Mattz
Leonard W. Mosely
Floyd Pilgrim
Arthur Case, Jr.

Albert Box

Wilbur Washington

Elmer Lewis

James Burt
Howard Cutler
Stanley George
Matthew Honenah
Nelson Ingawanup
James Mosho, Jr.
Adolph Alexie

William Lasley
Herbert H. DeRoin
Paul G. Wamego
Edgar H. Goslin

Daniel McKenzie

James I lohnson

Jacob Anderson

Papago
Navajo
Nova jo
Navajo
Navajo
Navajo
CALIFORNIA
Mission (Soboba)
Sacramento
Yurok
Hoop a
Yurok

on (Pala)
ion (Santa Ysobel)
(Mesa Grande)
ion (Meso Grande)
on (Mesa Grande)
ion (Torres-Martinez
on (Los Coyotes)
ion (Santo Ysabel)
on (Pauma)
on (Rincon)
on (Mesa Grande)
on (La Jollo}

Missi
Missi
Miss.
Missi
Miss^
Missi
Miss:
Missi
Miss'
Mis
Miss
Missi
Karok
Hoopa (Smith River)
Hoopo (Weott)
Hoopa (Waitaki)
Hoopa (Mattole)
Klamath
Yurok
Yurok

Hoopa (Ee! River)

Klamath

Karok

COLORADO
Ute
Ute
Navajo

IDAHO
Shoshone
Shoshone
Shoshone

Shoshone ,
Shoshone
Shoshone
Coeur D'AIene

KANSAS
Potawatomi
Iowa

Potawatomi
Kickapoo
MINNESOTA
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa

Okinawa

Bougainville

Iwo Jima

Philippines

Peleliu

Pacific

Belgium
Belgium
Italy
U. S. A.
Germany
Japan
Japan
Germany
Germany
Saipan
)Saipan
France
Pacific
U. S. A.
Germany
Germany
Germany

Saipan

Italy

Leyte
Italy

Luzon

Atlantic

Europe

Okinawa

Italy
France
Germany
Pacific

Holland
France
France

Adclph King
Lewis E Taylor
George Sheehy
Francis 5. Bushman
James I. Cook
George Kelly
Peter Morgan
Vincent Zimmerman
John S. Mercer
Joseph Weaver
Ralph Robinson
Richard Johnson
Jesse J. Tibbetts
Sylvester Chorboneau
Lyman Tanner
Richard Boshey
Wesley Eagle
Williom Potter
Robert TeJohn
Hubert Williams
Richard Sailor
Martin E. Simons
Robert Bellond
Eddie Brown
George Brunette
Domini Misquadace
Lawrence Carl
Dean Ortershaw
Clifford John Antell

Bob Allen

Gibson T. McMillan
Emmetr Jackson
Able Sam
John Day Isaac
Raymond Martin

Murry L. Williamson
Fredrk i. Bauer, Jr.
Sam Divss Backwards
George B. Magee, Jr.
Wilbur Spang
Daniel L. Pablo
Warren L. Gardipe
Leonard R Jette
Joseph 0. Pronovost
William Pronovost
Louis C. Charlo
Oswald A. Felsman
Pascal Bonn
Julian A. Pablo
Clarence L Marengo
Elmer C. Ladue
Fredrick E. Kasko
Isaac Matf
Elvir, Matt

Harvey V'. Ducharme

Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa
Chippewa

MISSISSIPPI
Ci.octaw
Choctaw
Choctow
Choctaw
Choctaw
Choctaw

MONTANA
Blackfeet
Sioux
Cheyenne
Blackfeet
Cheyenne
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flnthead
Fl'ithead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead
Flathead

France

Germany

Italy

Manchukuo

Luzon

France

Europe

Germany

Belgium

Germany

Africa

English Channel

At Sea

Luzon

Belgium

Pacific

Italy

Luzon

Belgium

France-

Pacific

Italy

U. S. A.

Luzon
Pacific
Pacific

Solomons

Luzon

Germany

U. S. A.

Germany

Luzon

France

U. S. A.

Germany

Philippines

Pacific

I wo Jima

France

Belgium

Philippines

Italy

Germany
Germany
Germany

Francis Heavyrunner
Eugene Horn
William Wolftoll
Fred De Roche
Patrick Reevis
William Allison, Jr.
Charles Stewart
Roger K. Paul
Melvin Rides at the Door
Joseph Long Knife
Benjamin Chopwood
Pius Wing
Richard King, Jr.
Murphy Gunn

Thomas H. Harrison

Seymour Arnot
Stanley Winnemucco
Francis Shaw
Henry West, Jr.
Scott Green
Arthur F. Jones
Mike Drew
Edward Joe
Sidney Jack
Clarence Hanks
Warren Wilson

James Romero
Alex Fragua
Pablo Fragua
Ben Quintana
Anthony Mitchell
Osborne Sam
Jack Antonio
Jose R. Lucero
Alfonso G. Nahkoi
Aghe Beligoody
Silas Yazzie
Jim Tom
David Harvey
Bernard Dolan
Martin Aragon
Kee Y. Chico
Eorl Ayze

Vincent Wemytewa
Harry White
John C. Nelson
Paul G. Chaves
Jose Cruz Duran
Jose C. Tenorio
Raymond Rosetta
Richord Jamon
Joe Ben
Hilario Armijo
Cypriono Herrera

Block feat
B |ock1 eel-
Block teet
Block feat
BIock teet
Block Iter
Block+eet
Btockfeet
Bloc^e-et
Ass i rube me
AssiniDome
Assinit'Qine
Assinibotne
Assimboine

NEBRASKA
Winnet-ogo

NEVADA
Washoe
Poiuie
Poiuie
Poiute
Poiuie
Poiute
Poiute
Washoe
Poiuie
Paiule
Poiuie

NEW MEXICO
Lagu'-'C Pueblo
Jemez Pueblo
Jemez Pueblo
Cochiti Pueblo
Navajo
Navajo

Acorr.o Pueblo
Isletc Pueblo
Navajo
Novo jo
Navajo
Navajo
Novo jo

Apache (Mescalero)

Logur>o Pueblo

Navc;o

Navojo

Zuni

Navojc

Navojo

Acoma Pueblo
San Felipe Pueblo
San Felipe Pueblo
Santo Domingo Pueblo
Zuni
Navojo
Jemez Pueblo
Tesuque Pueblo

France

Leyte

France

Belgium

Luzon

Germany

Pacific

France

Germany

Luzon

Italy

France

Pacific

France

Pacific

Africa

Italy

Peleliu

Europe

Pacific

France

Philippines
France

Germany

Palou Islands

France

Italy

France

Germany

Belgium

France

Germany

Italy

Leyte

Pacific

Luzon
Luzon
Germany
Europe

Jimmie Weahke
John Wesley Romero
Harley Kanteena
Poul Kinlahcheeny
Jose E. Lopez
George Vicenti
Frank Lucero
Jose Chewiwi
Jose Romero
Vicenti Mirabal
Som Morgan
Edgar Lunasee
Jose F. Mirabal
Mariano Pacheco
Paul Fernando
Joe B. Garcia
Ted Bird

Jimmy Rodriguez
Marce L. Korris
Harold White
Sidney David
Jay Delawashie
John Martin

Collins Moses
Henry Powless
Sylvester Thompson
Silas William Chew
Ernest Printup
Archie Oakes
Louis Barnes
Andrew Cook
Froncis Jock
Clarence Carnon
John Seabrean
Carroll Patterson
Kenneth Fatty
Linas Snow
Roland Redeye
Harlan Laye
Froncis Waterman
Kenneth Parker
Raymond John
Frank Doxtator

Mark J. Rattler
Isaac Ross
Vernon Sneed
Enos Thompson
William Taylor, Jr.
Adam West Driver
Jeremiah Toineeta
Blaine Queen
Richmond Lambert
Edward Hardin
Clarence Murphy
Joshua Shell

Zuni

Laguna Pueblo

Zuni

Navajo

Santa Arid Pu*bto
Apache (Jiajrilla)
Laguna ■ Puefetd
Isleta Pueblo
Santa Ana Pueblo
Taos Pueblo
Navajo
Zuni

Santa Cfdra °ueblo

Laguna Puebio

Laguna Pueblo

Santo Dommcjo Pueblo

Santo Dommgo Pueblo

Laguna Pueblo

Santo Domingo Pueblo

Navojo

Navajo

NEW YORK
Seneca ■ ■■
Onondaga:
Mohawk i
Tuscarora
Tuscarora
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk

Tonawanda-Seneca
Tohawonda-Seneca
To n a wa nd a -S e neca
Onondaga
Seneca ,
Seneco
Seneca
Onondaga
Seneca
Seneco
Seneca
NORTH CAROLINA
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee
Cherokee

Italy

Belgium

Italy

Iwo Jima

Romania
Pacific
Europe
Pacific

Iwo Jima
Philippines

Italy

Germany

Europe

Germany

Okinawa
Italy

Philippines
Philippines
Philippines

Germany

Tarawa

France

Europe

France

Manila

At Seo

At Sea

Sicily

France

Germany
Tarawa

Pacific

Germany

Luxembourg

Pacific

Iwo Jima

Germany

Pacific

U. S. A.

Okinawa

NC-"H DAKOTA

Donald Hosie
Philip Lohnes
Clarence Spotted Wolf
Leonard Red Tomahawk
William A. Davis
Joseph R. Agard
Wallace J. Demery
Louis Calvin Noel
Matthew American Hors
Earle Defender
Joseph Goudreau
Paul Yankton

Harold E. Rogers
Grant Cover
Dennis W. Bluejacket
George Choate, Jr.
Charles Edward Harris
Reuben Mashunkashey
Moses Red Eagle
Mathson Whiteshield
Jim N. Chuculate
Chories E. Sam
Zack L. Smith
George D. Coons
Cornelius Hardman, Jr.
James L. Douglas
David Cross, Jr.
Wesley Osage
Cyrus Packer
Kingsley Allrunner
Wayne Beartrock
Nelsoo Bearbow
Levi Hosetosavit
Rayson Billy
Davis Pickens
Dan Roebuck
Lewis E. Wade
John Floyd Wall
Edmond Perry
John Carney
Johnson Harjo
Charles W. Imotichey
Hershel L. Malone
Orus Baxter, Jr.
Jomes Sulphur
Willie Scott
Charles G. Keighley
Owen Mombi
Whitney Holata
Sam Fixico
Johnnie Buckner
James Paul Fireshaker
John Wallace
Andrew Brokeshaulder
T. P. Hattensty

ux (Fort Totten)
M Ventre

njat (Standing Rock)
■ppewa

(Standing Rock)
tix (Standing Rock)
■an (Standing Rock!
MX (Standing Rock)
ax (Standing Rock)
ax (Standing Rock)
nx (Fort Totten)

Holland
New Britain
i_uxembourg
Leyte

New Guinea

Marianas

Ireland

Belgium

Germany

Italy

Germany
France

0<LAHOMA

Seneca

Europe

Pew nee

France

Shawnee-Cherokee

Europe

Cr-tyervne-Arapaho

Pcanee

France

Osage

Luxembourg

Osage

Italy

Cheyenne-Arapaho

Five Civilized Tribes

Luxembourg

Five Civilized Tribes

Belgium

Ponco

Germany

Pcwr.ee

Germany

Pc-r^O

Luxembourg

Creek

Philippines

Cc-L'do-Cheyenne

Philippines

Cheyenne

Pacific

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne

U. S. A.

Cheyenne

U. S. A.

Cheyenne

U. S. A.

Comanche

France

Choctaw

Sicily

Choctaw

Sicily

Choctaw

Africa

Choctaw

Germany

Choctaw

Pacific

Choctaw

Seminole

France

Chickasaw

Italy

Chickasaw

England

Creek

Germany

Creek

France

Creek

France

Osoge

Germany

Choctaw

Germany

Seminole

England

Seminole

Mediterranean

Creek

Pacific

Ponca

Okinawa

Choctaw

Africa

Choctaw

Sicily

Choctaw

Anzio

Billie Jack
Paul B. Blanche
Osborne L. Blanche
Ray Bohanon
Aaron C usher
Hanson H. Jones
Walter D. McClure
Aaron Watkins
LeRoy Mc Noel
Marion Ruling Harris
Andrew Warrior
Lee Edward Ahcheka
Thomas P. Carter
Paul K. Stevens
Donald Beaver
Raymond Brown
Thomas Chockpoych
Matthew Hawzipta
Melvin Myers
Lyndreth Palmer
Louis Rivas
Ben Trevino, Jr.
Gilbert Vidana
Joe Guoladdle
Nathaniel Bitseedy
Dan Madrano, Jr.
Forrest Tabbyyetchy
Mont Bruce Williams
John Stevens
Lewis Mitchell
Joseph J. King
Johnnie F. Gokey
Joseph G. Bratton
Bennett H. Griffin
Clobe C. Mackey
Joseph L. LoSarge
Harold L. McKiniey
Rudolph McKiniey
Frank Riddle, Jr.
Milton Otis Ririe
Harold B. Smalley
Eugene E. Slaughter
Clarence Tinker, Jr.
Robert E. Warrior
Elmer C. Weinrich
William Silas Coons
Charles G. Red Bird
William Sixkiller, Jr.
Henry W. Conowoop
Floyd Primeaux

Choctaw

Sac and Fox-

Shawnee 1

Soc and V-ox-

Sac and l"ox- -

Kickapoo

Caddo K .

Wichita

Comanche'

Kiowa

Comanche

Kiowa ' ' ',

Comanche

Kiowa

Kiowa- Apache

Coddo

Comanche*

Caddo

Choctow

Creek " "

Ottawa

Sac and Fox

Osoge

Osage

Pawnee

Cheyenne

Cherokee 1

Comanche

Ponca

Japan
Europe

Tinian
Pacific

Europe

Germany

Europe

Pacific

U. S. A.

Europe

U. S. A.

Europe

Atlantic

Germany

Luzon

Pacific

France

Germany

Italy

Philippines

France

Pacific

Ponoma

Pacific

Mediterranean

France

Germany

Italy

Pacific

Saipan

Luzon

Raymond L. Enouf
Roscoe Dick
Gilbert Yahtin
Wesley Morrisette

OREGON

Klamath
Warm Springs
Warm Springs
Walla Walla
22

Pacific
Philippine
Belgium
Italy

Guy L. Archambeaii
Daniel L. Quickbear
Joseph Running Horse
Raymond Lodge Skin
Warren C. Bonnin
Floyd Bear Saves Life
Philip G. Atkinson
Reuben E. Redfeather
Stanley C. Rogers
Ole J. Johnson
James L. Janis
Waidron Frazier
Stanley Goodbird
Joseph Supangi
William Keoke
Louis LaBelle
Arthur F. Sanders
Norman Redthunder
Jacob Wood
Alexander DuMaree
Robert Lee White
Charles Under Baggage
Elmer A. Feather
William Bird Horse
George D. LaPlant
Levi Traversie
Art Blue Arm
Fred Colombe
Winfield Loves War
Joseph Hairychin
Thomas Crow Necklace
William Flying Horse
Vincent Village Center
Aaron G. Bettetyoun
Louis Raymond Cottier
Clement Crazy Thunder
Matt Good Shield
Jacob Herman, Jr.'
James LaPointe, Jr.
Francis Leon Killer
Chester Maple
Leroy No Neck
Norman Portwood
Earl J. Two Bulls
Thomas Waters
Chester Afraid of Bear
George Ladeau
Pierre Paul Lee
Leonard Q. Smith
Albert Chief Eagle
Silos Running Eagle
James L. DeMarsche
Roy A. Brandon
Earl J. Dion
William J, Dion
Lorenzo W. Collins
Howard Brandon

SOUTH DAKOTA

Sioux (Yankton)

U. S. A.

Sioux (Rosebud)

Africa

Sioux (Rosebud)

Peleliu

Sioux (Rosebud)

Germany

Sioux (Yankton)

Guam

Sioux (Pine Ridge)

France

Sioux (Rosebud)

France

Sioux (Rosebud)

France

Sioux (Rosebud)

Luzon

Sioux (Sisseton)

Germany

Sioux (Pine Ridge)

Luxembourg

Sioux (Cheyenne River)

U. S- A

Sioux (Sisseton)

Africa

Sioux (Sisseton)

France

Sioux (Sisseton)

Italy

Sioux (Sisseton)

France

Sioux (Sisseton)

France

Sioux (Sisseton)

Germany

Sioux (Sisseton)

Europe

Sioux (Sisseton)

Biak Island

Sioux (Sisseton)

U. S. A.

Ir.Sioux (Pine Ridge)

France

Sioux (Sisseton)

Luzon

Sioux (Standing Rock)

Europe

UX (Cheyenne River)
us (Cheyenne River)
:<ioun (Cheyenne River)

Sioux

(Rosebud)

Luzon

Sioux

(Standing Rock)

Europe

(Standing Rock)

Pacific

andinq Rock)

France

(Standing Rock)

Luzon

anding Rock)

Belgium

ne Ridge)

Holland

Sioux

ne Ridge)

Leyte

ne Ridge)

Iwo Jima

ne Ridge)

New Guinea

S'oux

ne Ridge)

Holland

Sioux

ne Ridge)

Pacific

Sioux

ne Ridge)

Germany

Sioux

ne Ridge)

Pacific

ne Ridge)

Holland

Sioux

ne Ridge)

English Channel

Sioux

ne Ridge)

Leyte

S.oux

ne Ridge)

Luzon

ne Ridge)

' U. S. A.

ne Ridqe)

U. S A.

Sioux

(Yankton)

U. S. A.

Sioux

(Yankton)

Pacific

(Pine Ridge)

U. S. A.

SlDUX

: ?

ne Ridge)

U. S. A.

(Rosebud)

Tarawa

Sioux

(Rc

sebud)

Guam

S»cnux

(Rosebud)

Africa

Sioux

(Rosebud)

France

1 Rosebud)

Germany

1 Rosebud)

Iwo Jima

William Dempsey Austin Sioux (Ping Ridge)

Jesse Cuny
Charles Swimmer
Joe Kitto
Lester Red Boy
Vincent Fast Horse

Sioux (Pine : Ridge)
Sioux (Pine. Ridge)
Chippewa
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)

Germany

Luzon

Belgium

Pacific

Nelson Tonegates
Ansel G. Wanzitz

UTAH

Ute
Ute

Germany
France

WASHINGTON

Samuel C. Abrahamson Colville

Charles Schulrz, Jr.
Richard Wood
Roy Knight
John Bobb
Melvin Ross
Martin James
John H. Kittles
Herman John
Norman Simmons
Harry J. Cheholtz

Richard J. Ackiey
Matthew Johnson
Joseph Graverette
Robert Duffy
Joseph Matchoma
Donald J. Brisk
Robert A. Cornelius
Melvin Jordan
Marvin Johns
Joseph Ninham
Joseph J. White
Milan St. Germoine
Thomas Soldier
Arnold Tepiew
Joseph Komanekin
James C. Ford, Jr.
Alpheus Decorah
George N. Johnson
Edmund Cornelius

Lummi
Clallam
Swinomish
Swinomish
Muckteshoot
Snoqualmle
Lummi
Nisqually
Quinaielt
Taholah

WISCONSIN

Chippewa
Winnebago '

Chippewa

Menominee

Oneida

Winnebago

Chippewa

Menominee

Menominee '

Menominee

Chippewa

Winnebago

Oneida

Manila

France

Germany

Belgium

Germany

Italy

Luzon

Italy

Belgium

Okinawa

Philippines

Italy

Europe

Belgium

France

Germany

France

France
France
France
Burma
France
Italy

Claude Goggles
Chester Arthur
William Trosper
John L. Brown
Lee Wadda
Laverne Wagon
Richard Pogue
Sidney Bush
George Antelope

Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Arapahoe
Shoshone
Shoshone
Shoshone
Shoshone
Arapahoe

Leyte
Belgium

NAVAJO CODE TALKERS

MT Sgt. Murrey Morder
■<i- Corps Combat Correspondent

iji'tmission of The Marine Corps Gazette

Through the Solomons, in the Monanas, at
Peleliu, two Jima, and almost every island
where Marines have stormed ashore in this war,
the Japanese hove heard a stianct: 4cmguage
gurgling through the earphones of ttteir radio
listening sets — a voice code which duties de-
coding.

To the linguistically keen ear h :;hows a
trace of Asiatic origin, and a iot of what sounds
like American double-talk. This stro-tae tongue,
one of the most select in the world, ir. Navajo,
embellished with improvised words and phras-
es for military use. For three years i' has served
the Marine Corps well for transmitting secret
radio and telephone messages in combat.

The dark-skinned, black-haired Navojo code
tolker, huddled over a portable radio or field
phone in a regimental, divisional or carps com-
mand post, translating a message into Navajo
os he reads it to his counterpart on the receiv-
ing end miles away, has been a familiar sight
in the Pacific battle zone. Permission to dis-
close the work of these American Indians in
marine uniform has just been grar.ied by the
Marine Corps.

Transmitting messages which the enemy
cannot decode is a vital military focior in any
engagement, especially where combat units
are operating over a wide area in which com-
munications must be maintained by radio.
Throughout the history of warfote, military
leaders have sought the perfect code— a code
which the enemy could not break down, no
matter how able his intelligence staff.

Most codes are based on the codist's native
language. If the language is a widely-used one,
it also will be familiar to the enemy ond no
matter how good your code may be the enemy
eventually can master it. Navajo, however, is
one of the world's "hidden" languages; it is
termed "hidden," along with other Indian lang-
uages, as no alphabet or other symbols of it
exist in the original form. There are only about
55,000 Navajos, all concentrated in one region,

living on Government reservations and intense-
ly clannish by nature, which has confined the
tongue to its native area.

Complicating the Navajo language, there
are diaiect variations among the tribes, and in
some cases even dialects within a tribe.

Except for the Navajos themselves, only a
handful of Americans speak the language. A,t
the time the Marine Corps adopted Navajo as
a voice code it was estimated that not more
than 28 other persons, American scientists or
missionaries who lived among the Navajos and
studied the language for years, could speak
Navajo fluently. In recent years, missionaries
and the Interior Department's Bureau of In-
dian Affairs have worked on the compilation
of dictionaries and grammars of the language,
based on its phonetics, to reduce it to writing.
Even with these available it is said that a fluen-
cy can be acquired from prepared texts only
by persons who are highly educated in English
and who have made a lengthy study of spoken
and written Navajo.

One of the reasons which prompted the
Marine Corps to adopt Navajo, in preference
to a variety of Indian tongues as used by the
AEF in the last war, was a report that Navajos
were the only Indian group in the United States
not infested with German students during the
20 years prior to 1 941 , when the Germans had
been studying tribal dialects under the guise of
art students, anthropologists, etc. It was
learned that German and other foreign diplo-
mats were among the chief customers of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs for the purchase of
publications dealing with Indian tribes, but it
was decided that even if Navajo books were in
enemy hands it would be virtually impossible
for the enemy to gain a working knowledge of
the language from that meager information. In
addition, even ability to speak Navajo fluently
would not necessarily enable the enemy to de-
code a military message, for the Navajo dic-
tionary does not list military terms, and words

used tor "jeep," "emplacement," "battery,"
"radar," "antiaircraft," etc., have been im-
provised by Navojos in the field.

The adoption of code talkers by the Marine
Corps stemmed from a request for Navajo com-
municators by Ma}. Gen. Clayton B. Vogel,
then Commanding General, Amphibious Corps,
Pacific Fleet. A report submitted with his re-
quest said a Navajo enlistment program would
have full support of the Tribal Council at Win-
dow Rock, Arizona, Navajo Reservation.

Acting on this request the Marine Corps'
Division of Plans and Policies in March 1942
sent Col. Wethered Woodworth to moke a fur-
ther report on the subject, and a test was made
at the San Diego, Calif., Marine Base to deter-
mine the practicality of Navajos os code talk-
ers.

The test revealed that the Navojos who vol-
unteered for the experiment could transmit the
messages given, although with some variation
at the receiving end resulting from the lack of
exact words to transmit specific military terms.
For example, "Enemy is pressing attock on left
flank" would come out "the enemy is attacking
on the left."

Proper schooling in military phraseology, it
was believed, could correct this variation, and
the following month the Marine Corps author-
ized on initial enlistment of 30 Navajos to as-
certain the value of their services.

The enlistment order required that recruits
meet full Marine Corps physical requirements
and have a sufficient knowledge of English and
Navajo to transmit combat messages in Nava-
jo. The recruits were to receive regular Marine
training, attend a Navajo school of the Fleet
Marine Force Training Center, Camp Elliott,
Calif., and then receive sufficient communica-
tions training to enable them to handle their
specially qualified talent on the battlefield.

All the recruits spoke the same Navajo basi-
cally, but there were certain word variations.
In Navajo, the same word spoken with four dif-
ferent inflections has four different meanings.
The recruits had to agree on words which hod
no shades of interpretation, for any variation
in on important military message might be
disastrous. As might be expected in any group

of youths, tney were not equal in education or
intelligence. Some of the military terms were
very complex to the unschooled; afl had to be
able to understand them thoroughly in order
to translate them into their native language.
Some were not easily adaptable to communica-
tions work.- It was difficult in several instances
for nan-Novajos to instruct the recruits in Ma-
rine Corps activities; a few marine instructors
were unable to cope with the typical Indian im-
perturbability.

On the other hand, many of the recruits were
well-educated, intelligent and quick to learn.
A number had worked for the Bureau of In-
dian Affairs as clerks, and almost oil the Na-
vajos had The highly developed Indian sensory
perceptions.

There were some recruits like PFC Wilsie
H. Bitsie, whose father is district supervisor of
the Mexican Springs, N. Mex., Navajo District.
Bitsie became an instructor in the Navajo
School at Camp Elliott for a time, and helped
work out the much needed military terms. He
went on to join the marine Raiders and at New
Georgia his Navajo ability helped the Raiders
maintain contact with the Army command at
Munda while the marines knocked out Jap-
anese outposts in the jungle to the north.

Other code talkers went with the Third Ma-
rine Division and the Raiders to Bougainville.
There some manned distant outposts, main-
taining contact in Navajo by radio. It was found
best to have close friends work together in
teams of two, for they could perfect their code
talk by personal contact.

The men in their units learned that in addi-
tion to their language ability the Navajos also
could be good marines. They could do their
share of fighting and they made good scouts
and messengers.

There had been concern in some quarters
that dark-skinned Navajos might be mistaken
for Japs. In the latter doys of the Guadalcanal
action one Army unit did pick up a Navajo
communicator cn the coastal road and mes-
saged the marine command: "We have cap-
tured a Jap in marine clothing with marine
identification tags." A marine officer was start-
led to find the prisoner was a Navajo, who was

only bored by the proceedings.

The code talkers went on into more cam-
paigns, proving their ability, and the Navajo
quota in the Marine Corps rose from 30 to
420. At their TBXs they transmitted opera-
tional orders which helped us advance from
the Solomons to Okinawa.

It was found that the Navajos are not neces-
sary at levels lower than battalions. For mes-
scges between battalions and companies the
extra security is not required and speed is the
paramount issue.

The II! Amphibious Corps reported that the
use of the talkers during the Guam and Peleliu
operations "was considered indispensable for
the rapid transmission of classified dispatches.
Enciphering and deciphering time would have
prevented vital operational information from
being dispatched or delivered to staff sections
with any degree of speed."

At Iwo Jima, Navajos transmitted messages
from the beach to division and Corps com-
mands afloat early on D-day, and ofter the di-
vision commands came ashore, from division
ashore to Corps afloat.

Lost April authority wos granted to establish
a re-troining course for Navajos at FMFPoc.
Under this plan, five code talkers are taken
from each division to attend an intensive 21-
day course which gives emphasis to plane types,

ship types, printing and message writing, and
message transmission. These Navajos then re-
turn to their divisions to instruct the remaining
men. It is emphasized that code talkers work
out successfully only where interest is shown
by the command and where training continues
between operations.

As for the Navajos themselves, they prob-
ably are not any more enthusiastic about the
concentrated schooling than most young ma-
rines would be about schooling, for they are
amused at being regarded os different from
other marines.

On rare occasions, though, they do lapse in-
to some typical Indian gyrations. Ernie Pyle, in
one of his last dispatches from Okinawa, de-
scribed how the First Division's Navajos had
put on a ceremonial dance before leaving for
Okinawa. In the ceremony, they asked the gods
to sap the strength of the Japanese in the as-
sault.

According to a later report, when the First
Division met the strong opposition in the south
of Okinawa, one marine turned to a Navajo
code talker and said,

"O.K., Yazzey, what about your little cere-
mony? What do you call this?"

"This is different," answered the Navajo
with a smile. "We prayed only for an easy land-
ing."

INDIANS FOUGHT ON IWO JIMA

Many Indians participated in the famous ac-
tion on Iwo Jima. The most celebrated of
these is Pfc. Ira H. Hayes, a full-blood Pima
from Bapchule, Arizona, one of three survivors
of the historic incident on Mount Suribachi,
when six Marines raised the flag on the sum-
mit of the volcano, under heavy enemy fire.
He served on Iwo Jima for 36 days and come
awoy unwounded. Previously he had fought
at Vella La Vella and Bougainville. Because
of the nation-wide attention won by Rosen-
thal's dramatic photogroph of the flog-roising,
symbol and expression of the invincible Amer-
ican spirit, Hayes and his two comrades, Phar-
macist's Mate John Bradley ond Pfc. Rene A.
Gagnon, were brought back to this country to
travel extensively in support of the Seventh
War Loan. In the photograph on the opposite
page, Hayes is pointing out his position in the
flag-raising patrol.

On May 1st, more than 1000 Indians of the
Pima tribe gathered at Bopchule to pay honor
to their fellow tribesman and to celebrate his
safe return. A barbecue feost, under a can-
opy of brush, was followed by an impressive
religious ceremony, with prayers led by Pro-
testant and Catholic missionaries and songs by
several church choirs. Mrs. Hoyes, Ira's moth-
er, asked two of the girl soloists to sing the
hymn, "He Will Deliver."

The National Congress of American Indians
gove a luncheon in honor of Hayes and his
comrades in Chicago on May 19, at which a
brief speech by Hayes was broadcast. At this
meeting he was made first commander of the
American Indian Veterans' Association. Phar-
macist's Mate Bradley stated in on interview
that Hayes was "a marked man on the island
because of his cool level-headedness and ef-
ficiency." He refused to be leader of a pla-
toon, according to Bradley, because, as he ex-
plained, "I'd have to tell other men to go and

get killed, and I'd rather do it myself." When
he and the two others were ordered home to
take part in the War Loan campaign, Hoyes
was reluctant to leave his fighting comrades,
and, after a few weeks in the United States,
requested that he be returned to overseas duty,
where he f eft he would be of greater value to
his country.

A second Indian, Louis C. Charto, Flathead,
from Montana, climbed Mount Suribachi with
a Marine patrol shortly after the flag was
raised on its summit. He was killed in action
not long afterward, fighting to keep Ihe Stars
and Stripes on the mountain. Louis was the
grandson of Chief Chorio of Nez Perce war
fome, a leader who maintained his friendship
with the white people throughout those try-
ing times.

Among Indians listed as wounded on the is-
land are Pfc. Ray Flood, Sioux, from Pine
Ridge; Verne Ponzo, Shoshone, Fort Hall; Or-
ville Goss, Sidney Brown, Jr. ond Richard J.
Brown, Blackfeet; Robert Spahe, Jicarilla Apa-
che; Thomas Chapman, Jr., Pawnee, and Will-
iam M. Fletcher, Cheyenne, from Oklahoma;
Joseph R. Johnson, Papago, Arizona; Pfc.
Glenn Wasson gnd Pfc. Clarence L. Chavez,
Paiute, Nevada; and Richard Burson, Ute, from
Utah. Killed were Pvt. Howard Brandon, Rose-
bud Sioux; Pfc. Clement Crazy Thunder, Pine
Ridge Sioux, whose photograph appeared in the
May-June 1943 issue of Indians at Work; Pfc.
Adam West Driver, Cherokee, from North Car-
olina; Pvt. Eugene Lewis, Yurok, California;
and Paul Kinlahcheeny, Navajo. Leland Cha-
vez, S 1-c, Paiute, Nevada, is reported missing
in action.

Sgt. Warren Sonkey, Arapaho, from El Reno,
Oklahoma, was one of the crew which first
knocked out a Japanese tonk on Iwo Jimo.

Pfc. Ira H. Hayes

Officio! Marine Corps Photo

Two Flathead Indian brothers, Daniel and
John Moss, Marines from Ariee, Montana, met
unexpectedly on Iwo Jima, and both came
safely through the fighting. Their father,
Henry Moss, served with the Marines in the
First World War.

One of four survivors of his company is Pvt.
Clifford Chebahtoh, Comanche, of Anadarko,

Oklahoma. Pvt. Chebahtah was injured on
Iwo Jima and was granted a two weeks' fur-
lough at home.

"I was lying in a foxhole when I saw our
boys raise the flag on the top of the volcanic
mountain of Suribochi, and cold shivers ran
down my spine," he said.

WOUNDED IN ACTION

ARIZONA

Paul Hendricks

Papago

Germany

Manuel Kisto

Papago

Germany

Fernando Lopez

Papago

Europe

Nelson Lopez

Papago

Belgium

Nolia Lopez

Papago

Belgium

Hanson Norris

Papago

France

Raymond Norris

Papago

Germany

Louis Ortegas

Papago

France

Ralph Patricio

Papago

Holland

Ignacio B. Santos

Papago

France

Rove 1 to Siquieros

Papago

Germany

Victor B. Stevens

Papago

Germany

Jose V. Wilson

Papago

Italy

Patrick J. Franko

Papago

Joseph R, Johnson

Papago

Iwo Jima

Burton A. Narcho

Popago

Guam

Manuel T. Lucas

Papago

Germany

Andrew J. Mendez

Papago

Germany

Augustine Chico

Papago

New Guinea

Francisco S. Jose

Papago

New Britain

Henry Harvey

Papago

New Britain

Alonzo Enos

Pima

New Guinea

Jose Patricio

Popago

Pacific

Robert Perry Reede

Apache (San Carlos)

Germany

George Smith

Apache (Son Carlos)

New Guinea

Laurie Tungovia

Hopi

Italy

Andrew Nutimo

Hopi

Harry Chinn

Apache (San Carlos)

Luxembourg

Roger Dickson

Apache (San Carlos)

Belgium

George Stevens

Apache (San Carlos)

Clark Tungovia

Hopi

Luzon

Louis M. Valdez

Popago

France

William Brown

Apache (San Carlos)

Germany

Chester Buck

Apache (San Corlos)

Luzon

Joe Bush

Apache (San Carlos)

Germany

David Miles

Apache (San Carlos)

France

Patrick Morgan

Apache (San Carlos)

North Africa

Stanton Norman

Apache (San Carlos)

Belgium

George Patten

Apache (San Carlos)

Luzon

Womack Pavotea

Hopi

Germany

Sylvester Mahone

Hualapai

France

WaMace Querta

Hualapai

Saipan

CALIFORNIA

Shuman Shaw

Paiute

Europe

Benjamin D. Oscar

Yurok

Holland

Walter Campbell

Porno

France

Samuel Powvall

Mission

Germany

William 1. Reed

Yurok

Pacific

Kenneth Frank

Yurok

Pacific

Harvey McCardie

Hoopa

Cornelius Morehead

Hoopa (Smith River)

Eldred Norris

Yurok-Hoopa

Albert Richards, Jr.

Hoopa (Ee! River)

U. S. A.

Fred W, Scott

Hoopa

Albert Bartow

Klamath

Clarence Bennett
Leon Chose
Shan Davis
Vernon Davis
Wilfred Fsrris
Benonie Harris
Adolph Brown
Martin Brown
Theodore Chutnicut
William Coleman
Lester Elliott
Pablo Largo
Frank Laws
Thomas Laws
Pat Leo
Peter Leo
Donald Jamieson
Marcus Paipa
Antonio Ento
Frank Subish
Kenneth Nombrie
Florian Lyons
Carmef Valenzuela
Senon Arenas

Anthony Burch
Allen Carel
John Werifo
Curtis Toledo
Raymond Lopez

Lawrence Bagley
Eldon Blackhawk
Waimmie Chedahap
Kenneth Cosgrove
Roger E. Galloway
Franklin Hootchew
Orlin Judson
Kenneth Kutch
Herbert LeCloir
Thomas LoVatta
Loyfon Littlejohn
Steve Perdash
Verne Panza
John B. Riley
Jarvis Roubidoux

Milton LoClair
James Kagmega (Kegg)
Orlando P. Green
Elwin Shopteese
Edward Rice

Abe! John
Iro B. John
Solomon Batiste
Albert Williams
Newton Williams
Gilbert Abbey

Hoopa (Salmon River)

Klamath -Hoopa

Klomath Italy

Klamath-Hoopa '

Klamath

Mission (Baron Long)

Gei many

Mission (Baron Long)

Germany

Mission (Los Coyotes)

Pacific

Mission (Campo)

Germany

Mission (Manzanita)

Gei many

Mission (Campo)

Italy

Mission (Morongo)

Pacific

Mission (Morongo)

Pacific

Mission (Santa Ysabel)

Germany

Mission (Santa Ysabel)

Germany

Mission (Rincon)

Okinawa

Mission (Santa Ysobel)

Pacific

Mission (Campo)

Italy

Mission (Mesa Grande)

Germany

Torres-Martinez

Italy

Mission (Pola)

Germany

Mission (Soboba)

Pacific

Mission (Cahuilla)

Germany

COLORADO

Ute

Belgium

Ute

Holland

Navajo

Pacific

Navajo

Pacific

Navajo

Pacific

IDAHO

Shoshone

Europe

Shoshone

Europe

Shoshone-Bannock

Europe

Shoshone-Bannock

Europe

Shoshone

Europe

Shoshone-Bannock

Europe

Sioux

Europe

Shoshone-Bannock

Pacific

Shoshone

Europe

Shoshone

Europe

Bannock

Europe

Shoshone

Europe

Shoshone

Iwo Jima

Shoshone

Pacific

Shoshone

Pacific

KANSAS

Potawatomi

France

Potawatomi

France

Ge rmany

Potawatomi

France

Potawatomi

Pacific

LOUISIANA

Coushatta

Pacific

Coushatta

Pacific

Coushatta

Pacific

Coushatta

Europe

Coushatta

Europe

Coushatta

Pacific

Irving J. Theodore
Thurlow McClellan

Daniel Bellanger
John Northrup
Eugene Johnson
Jimmie Lussier
Harry Fairbanks
William Jourdain
Maurice Kelley
Stanley Nordwall
Johnson Roy
Simon Desjarlait
Defmar Needhom
George L. Mason
Wallace D. Stewart
William Good
Raymond F. Roberts
Robert King
Horry Smith
Frank N. Lajeunesse
Frank A. Toufloff
George H. Trombley
Edward George Burns
Herbert Beaulieu
Albert Whitecloud
Louis Livingston
John Davis
James Deschomps
Mark Naganufa
Jeffrey Duhaime
Stephen Zimmerman
Lloyd Paro
Andrew Amyotte
William Amyotte
Eugene Amyotte
Burdette Shearer
Louis Dunn
Phillip Roy
Everett Ojibwoy
Eugene Savage
Gerald Sheehy
Clifford Danielson
Robert Wendling
Eugene Howes
William Howes

Frank Billy
Bethany Morris
Hudson Tubby
Willie Thompson
Sidney Wilson
J. C. Willis
John Lee Gibson

MICHIGAN

Saginaw

pacific

Ottawa-Chippewa

Palous

MINNESOTA

Chippewa

France

Chippewa

Fronce

Chippewa

Cassino

Chippewa

France

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Belgium

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Fronce

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

F ranee

Chippewa

France

Chippewa

France

Chippewa

Normandy

Chippewa

Pacific

Chippewa

Luzon

Chippewa

Guam

Chippewo

Germany

Chippewa

New Guinea

Chippewa

Leyte

Chippewa

France

Chippewa

Fronce

Chippewa

Leyte

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Luzon

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Italy

Chippewa

Italy

Chippewa

Germany

Chippewa

Italy

Chippewa

Pacific

MISSISSIPPI

Choctaw Pacific

Choctaw Europe

Choctaw Mediterranean

Choctaw Europe
32

MONTANA

Max Smoll

Cheyenne

Edward Sam Bixby

Cheyenne

Dale Spang

Cheyenne

Jasper Tallwhiteman

Cheyenne

Ben Bearchum

Cheyenne

Robert Bigback

Cheyenne

Russell Fisher

Cheyenne

Elmore Limberhand

Cheyenne

Arthur Youngbear

Cheyenne

George Nequette

Blackfeet

Europe

John McKay

Blackfeet

Italy

Frank Baker

Blackfeet

Italy

John A. Gobert

Blackfeet

Leyte

Clarence Cadotte

Blackfeet

Europe

Horry Schildt

Blackfeet

Pacific

Orville Goss

Blackfeet

Iwo Jima

Sidney Brown, Jr

Blackfeet

Iwo Jima

Stanley Bird

Blackfeet

Philippines

Eugene Heavyrunner

Blackfeet

Philippines

Samuel Spottedeagle

Blackfeet

Philippines

Emil Beorchild

Blackfeet

Richard J. Brown

Blackfeet

Iwo Jima

Warren Oliver Clark

Flathead

Pacific

Henry Lozeau

Flathead

Pacific

Peter Stiffarm

Gros Ventre

France

Calvin Bigby

Assiniboine

Germany

Rufus Bradley

Gros Ventre

Pacific

August Decelles, Jr.

Gros Ventre

Pacific

Charles Decelles

Gros Ventre

Iwo Jima

Billie Snell

Assiniboine

Saipan

Thomas Joseph Bell

Gros Ventre

Pacific

Bert Larsen

Gros Ventre

France

Thomas Ball

Assiniboine

Italy

NEBRASKA

El wood Harden

Winnebago

France

NEVADA

Dickson Hooper

Shoshone

Italy

Carl Dick

Shoshone

Germany

Raymond Blackhat

Shoshone

Germany

Pacheco Gibson

Shoshone

NEW /V\tAI<_U

Hiram R. Brown

Acoma Pueblo

Francis J. Johnson

Acoma Pueblo

Manuel R. Cata

San Juan Pueblo

Regorio Colabaza

Santo Domingo Pueblo

Dempsey Chopito

Zuni

Arsenio Sanchez

Cyrus Mahkee

Zuni

Guam

Jose B. Voldez

Isleta Pueblo

Jose P. Lucero

Jemez Pueblo

James Mitchell

Navajo

France

Richard H , Marmon

Lcguno Pueblo

Germany

Ted Shashewannie

Zuni

James D. Sice

Laguna Pueblo

William J. Naranjo

Navajo

Sicily

Ned Arviso

Marianas

Walter H. Kokie
Frank Romero
Ignacio TrujMlo
Fred Zuni
John Kayate
Frank Lujan
Clifford Ersirty
Nevin H. Eckerman
Sefferino Juancho
David W. Tsosie
Sam P. Poplano
Steve Chee
Joe Chovez
Manuel Lamy
Tommy Maria
Joe Pacheco
Carlos Lowsayotee
Ben D. Laote
Joe Leekity
Jose Jaramitlo
Jose P. Cordova
Wayne Dez
Andres Chino
Joe A. Sanchez
Jimmy Begay
Walter Balatchu
Charlie Cochucha
David Muniz
Robert Spahe
David Velarde
Vicenti Venena
Thomas Vigil
Manuel Holcomb
Bennie R. Yazzie
Pete Candelario
Jose L. Zuni
Arthur E. Tsyitee
Fedelino Sanchez
Ventura S. Howeya
Clemente Fragua
Phillip L. Martinez
Monico M. Gorcia
Juan A. Joramillo
James S. Ortiz
Joseph Aragon
Stewart Batala
Joseph R. Kowemecewa
Lawrence Archuleta
Juan D. Pino
Ivan C. Hatti
Dan Simplicio
Simon Wollace
Duncan Suitza
Telesfor Tsethlika
Frank Trujillo
Ben House

Laguna Pueblo
Taos

Jemez Pueblo
Islera Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
Taos
Nova jo

Laguna Pueblo
Islera Pueblo
Navajo
Zuni
Navajo

Acoma Pueblo
Zuni

Laguna Pueblo

Sonto Domingo Pueblo

Zuni

Isleta Pueblo
Toos
Novo jo

Acoma Pueblo
San Felipe Pueblo
Navajo

Apache (Mescolero)
Apache (Jicorilla)
Apache (Jicarilla)
Apache (Jicarilla)
Apache Uicarilla)
Apoche (Jicarilla)
Apache (Jicarilla)
Santa Clara Pueblo
Navajo

San Felipe Pueblo
Isleta Pueblo
Zuni

Santa Ana Pueblo
Acoma Pueblo
Jemez Pueblo
Acoma Pueblo
Acoma Pueblo
Isleta Pueblo
San Juan Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
San Juon Pueblo
Zia Pueblo
Zuni
Zuni
Zuni
Zuni
Zuni

Taos Pueblo
Navajo

Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe

Attu, Germany

Europe

Saipan

France

Europe

Pacific

Europe

Itoly

Belgium

Europe

Iwo Jima

Europe

Bougainville

Germany

Europe

Austria

Europe

Philippines

Pacific
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Pacific
Europe
Europe
Pacific
Pacific

Arthur Lazore
Leonard Beaubien
Francis Billings
William Cook
Stonley Connors
Louis Martin
Wilford Smith
Orlando Scorgg
Warren Spring
Eugene Reuben
Cortland Luna
Morvin Crouse
Randall Poodry
Edward Black
Vincent Printup
Harrison Henry
William Mt. Pleasant
Frederick Schanondoah
Chapman Schanandoah
Clifford Crouse
Delbert Crowe
Carl Johnson
Willard Jacobs
Donald Black
Wilbur Shongo
Merle Warner

Russell F. Deserly
Albert Archambault
Herbert Buffalo Boy
Lawrence Bearsheart
Patrick Blackcloud
Leslie Shields
Sidney Cottonwood
Joe Ramsay
Garfield Antelope
Gilbert Goodiron
George Goodwood

Rudolph Allen
Oland Kemble
Levi Horsechief
Marcellus Choteau
Gale New Moon
Lawrence Good Fox, Jr.
James Armstrong, Jr.
Francis Bates
Harold S. Beard
Rubin Bent
Oliver Black
Richard Boynton, Jr.
Roy Bullcoming
Richard Curtis, Jr.
William M. Fletcher
Paul Goodbear
John Greoney, Jr.
Charles F. Gurrier

NEW YORK
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk
Mohawk

Tonawanda-Seneca
Tonowanda-Seneca
Tonowanda-Seneca
Tonawanda-Seneca
Tonawanda-Seneca
Onondaga
Tonawanda-Seneca
Onondaga
Tuscarora
Tuscarora
Tuscarora
Onondaga
Onondaga
Seneca
Seneca
Seneca
Seneca
Seneca
Seneca
Seneca
NORTH DAKOTA
Arikaro

Sioux (Stonding Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock]
Sioux (Standing Rock)
OKLAHOMA
Tonkawa
Ponca
Pawnee
Kaw
Ponca
Pawnee

Caddo-Cheyenne
Arapaho

Cheyenne-Arapaho
Quapaw-Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Cheyenne-Arapaho
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Sioux-Cheyenne
35

France
France
France
Polaus
France
Europe

France

Tunis
France

Italy

Atlantic

France

Luzon

Normandy

Luzon

Brazil

Pacific

Italy

France

Anzio

Holland

Normandy

Betio Island

Atlantic

Germany

Leyte

Italy

Europe

France

Europe

Philippines

Europe

Pacific

Europe

Aleutians

Europe

Mediterranean
Iwo Jima
Europe
Pacific
Pacific

Warren L Hawk
James Holland, Jr.
Darwin Lone Elk
Henry Mann
Edward B. Mule
Roy Night Walking
Lee Old Camp, Jr.
Willie Orange
William F. Pawnee
David Penn
Philip Strongwolf
Elmer C. Surveyor
George Swallow
Everett Sweezy
William Tailbird, Jr.
Harvey West
Solus B. Lewis
Isaac McCurtain
Luther King
Richmond J. Larney
Houston Palmer
Jacob Fish
Chester Underwood
Henry N. Greenwood
Tom Fixico
Joe Fixico
John P. Lowe
Jack Bruner
Danny Marshal I
Munzie Barnett
Sampson Harjo
Martin Mitchell
William M. Beaver
Sam McCann
Daniel Phillips, Jr.
Franklin Gritts
Cornelius L. Wakolee
Jack Montgomery
Calvin Dailey
Robert Hoag
Robert L. Templeron
Jesse B, Thompson
James R. Hattensty
Solomon Roberts
Esra H. Wallace
J. D. Walker
Miller Yahola
Johnson Davis
Amos Davis
Harding Big Bow
Edward M. Rodgers
Rudolph Akoneto, Jr.
Raymond Arkeketa
Kenneth Aunquoe
Hubert Dennis Beaver
Samuel W. Chaat
Clifford Chebahtah
Edward Clark
Leonard Cozad

Cheyenne

Kiska

Arapaho

Pacific

Cheyenne

Pacific

Cheyenne

Holland

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne-Arapaho

Pacific

Cheyenne

Pacific

Arapaho

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne

Europe

Arapaho-Oneido

Europe

Cheyenne

Europe

Cheyenne

Pacific

Europe

Choctaw

Europe

Choctaw

Sicily

Seminole

AnziQ 6

Five Civilized Tribes

Huertgen Forest

Five Civilized Tribes

Germany

Chickasaw

Italy

Sicily, Italy

Creek

France

Anzio, France

Creek

Italy

Creek

France, Italy

Creek

Germany

Creek

Pacific

Creek

Choctaw

France

Cherokee

Pacific

Potawatomi

Italy

Cherokee

Italy

Otoe

Caddo-Delaware

Italy

Pawnee

Leyte

Choctaw

Italy

Choctaw

Germany

Choctaw

Seminole

Europe

Seminole

Europe

Seminole

Belgium

Seminole

Germany

Quapaw

Kwa,alein

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa

Pacific

Kiowa

Pacific

Delaware-Shawnee

Pacific

Comanche

Europe

Comanche

Iwo Jima

Comanche

Kiowa

Europe

Hugh Doyebi
Noah Horsechief
Lamont Howry
Rickey Kaulaity
Samuel Koulay
William Kaulay
Robert Komesaraddle
Wayne L Miller
Wilson B. Palmer
Wilbur Parker
Frederick E, Parton
Pascal C. Poolaw
Melvin G. Queton
Virgil Queton
Winston Rose
Don Shemayme
Claude Shirley
Chester Silverhorn
Reuben Topaum
Kent C. Ware
Press ley Ware
Robert Yeahpau
Raymond Woodard
Thomas Chapman, Jr.
Samuel Battiest
Samuel Marshall
Robert H. Colbert, Jr.
Andrew Roberts
Jacob Moses
Jesse Howell
James G. Cleghorn
Edison DeRoin
Calvin Arkeketa
Jimmy Black
Ernest Black
Jonas Hartico
Rufus Jeans
Bill Pipestem
Pershing White
Theodore Buffalo
Ernest J. Kekahbah
Wiliiarn A. Harris, Jr.

John Sampson
Edson Chiloquin
Roland Jockson i
LeRoy A. Moore
Marvin J. Walker
John Jackson, Jr.

Theodore Taylor
Ralph Gullickson
Warren Gullickson
Wood row Keeble
Francis Adams
Joseph Gray
Leroy Heminger
Nathan Wilson

Kiowa

Bastogne

Wichita

Comanche

Europe

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa

Aleutians

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa

Pacific

Wichita

Europe

Kiowa

Tarawa

Comanche

Caddo

Europe

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa

Pacific

Kiowa

Europe

Wichita

Caddo

Europe

Caddo

Europe

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa

Europe

Kiowa ,

Europe

Kiowa

Europe

Apache

Europe

Pawnee

Iwo Jima

Choctaw

Germany

Creek

Europe

Creek

Europe

Pawnee

Europe

Pownee

Europe

Pawnee

U. S. A.

Otoe

Africa

Otoe

Europe

Otoe

Italy

Kaw

Italy

Pawnee

Italy, Ger

OREGON

Cayuse-Umatilla

France

Klamath-Modoc

Klomath-Paiute

Kla^oth ^ 0C ' OC

Klamath

bUU 1 H DAKO 1 A

Sioux (Flandreau)

New Guin

Sioux (Flandreau)

Aachen

Sioux (Flandreau)

Leyte

Sioux (Sisseton)

North Afr

Sioux (Sisseton)

Germany

Sioux (Sisseton)

France

Sioux (Sisseton)

Germany

Floyd P. Deegan Sioux (Sisseton)

Herman Thompson Sioux (Sisseton)

Louis M. DeCoteau Sioux (Sisseton)

Louis Provost Omaha
Leo Shot With Two Arrows Sioux (Rosebud)

Enoch Bald Eagle

Edward Eagle Boy

Philip Elk Head

Joe Paul Fourbear

Joe Gray

Robert C. Hole

James Hand Boy

Charles Hiatt

Lawrence Horn

Clifford Iron Moccasin

Charles Kessler

George Knife

Charles Lafferty

Levi LeBeau

Vincent J. LeBeau

Louis LeCompte

Roy R. Smith

Sampson One Skunk

Ziebach Thompson

Cecil Curley

Garnet Black Bear

Robert Manley

Aloysius A. Fielder

Earl Kessler

Douglas Collins

Philip LaBlanc

Floyd Jackson

Edwin Demery

Johnson Twohearts

Wo Iter Tiger

Joseph Lawrence

Ambrose Antelope

John Bearking

Fronk Vermillion

William Marshall

Abraham Long Chase

Sidney Eagle Shield
Alex Village Center

Peter Taken Alive
Ambrose Dog Eagle
Joseph Flying Bye
Joseph Cadotte
Colvin Flying Bye
Joseph Angel
John Bearnose
Carl C. Bettelyoun
Everett Bettelyoun
Joseph Bettelyoun
Waldron Bettelyoun
Henry Black Elk
Moses Blindman
Ernest Blue Legs
Owen Brings
Carl Broken Rope

Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R.
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne Ri
Sioux (Cheyenne R.
Sioux (Cheyenne R
Sioux (Rosebud)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Stonding Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
5ioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Standing Rock)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Bioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
Sioux (Pine Ridge)
38

Palaus

Philippines

Germany

Belgium

Germany

Cologne

Germany

Africa

Philippines

Europe

Germany

Pacific

Italy

Germany

At sea

Philippines

Pacific

Anzio

Europe

Germany

Pacific

Philippines

France

Germany

Italy

France

Pacific

Burma

France

Italy

Vance Broken Rope Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Lanert Brown Eyes Sioux {Pine Ridge) France

Morris Bull Bear Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Moses Builman Sioux- {Pine Ridge) France

Leo F. Cottier Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Adolph Eagle Louse Sioux (Pine Ridge) Philippines

Edison Fire Thunder Sioux (Pine Ridge) Pacific

Roy Flood Sioux (Pine Ridge) Iwo Jima

Blair Gray Grass Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Adam Gay Sioux (Pine Ridge) Italy

Joshua Gay Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Alex Hernandez Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Alphonso Hernandez Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Vincent Hunts Horses Sioux {Pine Ridge) Germany

Theodore Iron Teeth Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Norman Jonis Sioux {Pine Ridge) Burma

Richard Janis Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Douglas Larabee Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Aloysius Little WhitemanSioux (Pine Ridge) Italy

Walter Martinez Sioux (Pine Ridge) Luxembourg

Floyd Merrival Sioux (Pine Ridge) Italy

Chester Mills Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Peter Nelson Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Ernest Peck Sioux {Pine Ridge) France

Clarence Pumpkin Seed Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Stephen Red Bow Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Homer Red Eyes Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Stanley Red Wing Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Floyd Russell Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Collins Sharpfish Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Hobert Shot to Pieces Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Ellis Shoulder Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Martin Slow Bear Sioux (Pine Ridge) Italy

Loyal E. Stover Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Edward Spotted Bear Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Joseph Tapio Sioux (Pine Ridge) Atlantic

Leroy Tenfingers Sioux (Pine Ridge) Pacific

Theodore Tibbetts Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Calvin J. Tyon Sioux (Pine Ridge) Luzon

Roy White Butterfly Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Leonard White Bull Sioux (Pine Ridge) Italy

Levi Yellow Boy Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Eugene Young Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Walter Bossingham S ioux (Rosebud) Europe

Daniel L. Bordeaux Si oux (Rosebud) Europe

Marvin Thin Elk Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Albert Wright Sioux (Rosebud) Pacific

Thomas Yellow Boy Sioux (Pine Ridge) Belgium

Guy White Horse Sioux (Rosebud)

Leonard Bordeaux Sioux (Rosebud) Pacific

Gobe Neiss Sioux {Rosebud) Aleutians

Clarence Cordry Sioux (Rosebud) Pacific

Jerome White Horse Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Claude DeCory Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Laverne Jackson Sioux (Rosebud) France

Eugene E. Roubideoux Sioux (Rosebud) France

Michael Bordeaux Sioux (Rosebud) France

Elmer Brandon Sioux (Rosebud) France

Wilbur Blacksmith Sioux (Rosebud) Peleliu
39

George F. Flommond Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

William C. Gunhammer Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Joseph J. Peneaux Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

William Lamberf Sioux (Rosebud) France

Hubert C. McCloskey Sioux (Rosebud) France

Stephen Moccasin Sioux (Rosebud) Belgium

Horoid Whiting Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Barney Peoples Sioux (Rosebud) France

Antoine C. Yellow Robe Sioux (Rosebud) Pacific

Richard Larvie Sioux (Rosebud)

Floyd LaPointe Sioux (Rosebud) France

Gilbert Crow Eagle Sioux (Rosebud) Belgium

Herbert DeCory Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Francis Menard Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Aloysius Larvie Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Chester Blue Horse Sioux (Rosebud) Luzon

Floyd J. Moore Sioux (Rosebud) Luzon

Louis G. LaPlant Sioux (Rosebud) German/

Calvin Larvie Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Felix Knife Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Joseph Wain Sioux (Rosebud) German/

Titus White Lance Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

Leonard L. Cordry Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Nelson B. Cordry Sioux (Rosebud) Germany

Jonas J. Swift Sioux (Rosebud) Italy

William K. Haukaos Sioux (Rosebud) Okinawa

Roger Chasing Horse Sioux (Rosebud)

Kenneth M. Ellston Sioux (Rosebud) German/

Philip Good Buffalo Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Ben Marshall Sioux (Pine Ridge) France

Wilbert Means Sioux (Pine Ridge) Pacific

Seth Irving Sioux (Pine Ridge) Pacific

Huron Red Dog Sioux (Pine Ridge) Okinawa

Albert Returns From ScoutSioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Delmar Richard Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Clement Salway Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Edison Richard Sioux (Pine Ridge) Germany

Leland L, Standing Sioux (Yankton)

Henry W. Hare Sioux (Yankton) Germany

Robert Arpan Sioux (Yankton) Corregidor

Rudolph Arpan Sioux (Yankton) Corregidor

Smith Jandreau Sioux (Yankton) Germany

Eli D. Hope Sioux (Yankton) Italy

Louis Weston Sioux [Yankton) Germany

Ulysses J. Little Elk Sioux (Yankton) Luzon

Bosil Heth Sioux (Yankton) Europe

Clarence Packard Sioux (Yankton) Belgium

Joseph Cournoyer Sioux (Yankton) Germany
UTAH

Sammy Arrats Ute Tarawa

Richard Burson Ute IwoJima

Alfred Parriette Ute Pacific

Harvey Natchees Ute Belgium

Henry Drye Poiute Italy
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Ralph W. Plume

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Frank A. Aragon

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Robert Bed

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Joseph S. Rhodes

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Donald O'Neal

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Guam

Cyrus Roberts

Shoshone

Italy

INDIANS WORK FOR THE NAVY

By LT. FREDERICK

The story of the American Indian and his
efforts in this second great world struggle is
not limited to the exploits of soldiers. Men
and women too old or too young for service
with the armed forces have volunteered for
work in the war industries as well as in food
production. This report on one of the U. S.
Navy's greatest land-based activities illustrates
tk>e intense desire of the Indian people to serve
where they are directh/ connected with the
work of the war. The Naval Supply Depot at
Clearfield, Utah, has as its aim and purpose
general service to the fleet. It sends out a
lifeline of supplies, pouring the essentials of
successful worfare in an endless stream to the
far points of the Pacific theatre.

The Depot wos established in the Spring of
1943, to start the flow of vita! materials to
the Navy. At this time, down in the Rio
Grande Valley of New Mexico, Indians were
leaving home for military service. Ten per
cent of the Pueblo Indians had gone into uni-
form. In the neighboring cities and the local
communities help was urgently needed. The
older men of the Pueblos, recognizing the
emergency, decided to put an advertisement
in the local papers offering their services for
part-time work in the neighboring area. Soon
trucks came pouring into the villages to pick
up working parties, some even arriving from
Colorado. When word of this project reached
the offices of the Civil Service Commission in
Denver, they sent a representative to Santo
Domingo Pueblo to confer with John Bird, an
Indian leader of political and social affairs.

John Bird was told about the new Naval De-
pot at Clearfield. The Civil Service under-
stood that the Pueblo people wanted to help
win the war; here at Clearfield was a place
where men were needed, a place contributing
directly to our successes in the Pacific. It
was agreed that Pueblo men, if they went to
work at Clearfield, would be allowed to go
home during the summer months to plant and
harvest their crops.

W. SLEIGHT, USNR

At the meeting called by John Bird, the
Pueblos agreed thot this was work which they
wanted to do. The farm agent was convinced
that if they came back and farmed in the sum-
mer months, the move to Utah for the rest of
the year would be good. The task of recruit-
ing men from all the Pueblos was given to
John Bird, and he travelled from Toos on the
north to Isleta on the south. Santo Clara,
Jemez, and Santo Domingo gave the greatest
number of workers. Sixty-two men came from
Jemez alone. When they were examined and
passed as physically fit by Indian Service doc-
tors, they were ready to leave. About 150
men made up the first battalion that set out
for Clearfield. The first contingent of work-
hungry Pueblos, travelling in coaches reserved
for them, arrived at the Navy Depot in De-
cember 1943.

Work assigned to the Indians has been
varied. John Bird, who travelled with his peo-
ple to Clearfield, has advanced to a supervis-
ory position. He, like mony of his men, has
worked on the swing shift. Some of the men
have been placed in the transportation divi-
sion, and others have handled and loaded sup-
plies destined for the ships at sea. Oscar
Carlson, labor foreman at the Depot, says
that the Indians — Shoshones, Apaches, Sioux,
Navajos, Utes, as well as Pueblos — ore out-
standing workers. They understand Instruc-
tions well. They are not shirkers on the job.
He says, "I have never had an Indian in my
office for disciplinary action."

The great problem of production, absentee-
ism, is unknown among the Indian population
of the Depot. Indians are constantly on the
job. Indian participation in the War Bond
campaigns has been 100 per cent — another
indication that the Indians are whole-hearted
in their devotion to the cause for which their
sons have fought.

For two springs the Pueblo people hove gone
back to their farms, but, the growing season
over, they have returned, often bringing with

Ind'ans unload Oregon timber at the Naval Supply Depot. Official U. S. Navy Photo

them new recruits to help with the big job.
Mr. Carlson states that nearly all of the men
return after a summer of farming, and that
they all seem happy to come back. Futher testi-
mony comes in a report from the Security De-
partment. This office, which handles ofl the
policing of the area, has no record in the files
any trouble initiated by the Indians.

From all quarters of the Depot have come
similar reports. On the 10th of April, 1945,
Rear Admiral Arthur H. Mayo, speaking at
the ceremonies commemorating the second
anniversary of the Depot's commissioning,
said: "It is encouraging to know that many
Pueblo Indians. . . . have travelled north to
the State of Utah in order to 'man the battle
stations' at the Navy Supply Depot at Clear-
field. I know that these fine people are doing
a splendid job."

High credit should go to the Indian for an
outstanding part in our victory. He has sacri-
ficed more than most men who ore doing this
work. He has left the land he has known all
his life and has had to travel to strange places
where people often do not understand him and
his way of living. In most cases he has left

his family behind. He has had to forego at-
tending the dances and other religious cere-
monies that are so much a part of his life. He
has had to work under foremen and supervis-
ors, in a woy that is new to him. It is an ad-
justment more difficult for him than for the
white man who has known these conditions
before.

For all these reasons, the Indian should re-
ceive the highest praise. In his quiet way he
has shown that he too has a stake in this con-
flict, and by his personal qualities he has made
himself liked by everyone. To men like John
Bird should go a special tribute. He helped in-
terpret these modern problems to his people.
When his brother Ted was killed in action in
Germany last April, he flew home to comfort
his mother and father. He has three other
brothers in the armed forces overseas.

Like all Americans, these people look for-
ward to the day when the soldiers will come
home to a peaceful world. But these Indians
have learned new skills ond have acquired a
new confidence in their own competence which
should be very useful in the tasks of peace.

TO THE INDIAN VETERAN

The Congress and the state legislatures have
passed many laws providing various benefits
for all veterans except those who have been
dishonorably discharged from the armed serv-
ices. Many of you know what these benefits
ore; but when you come home you will find at
the agency someone who can tel! you just how
to apply for the benefits which you want, and
what you must do to qualify. There is no dis-
tinction made between Indians and any other
veterans. Every organization serving the veter-
an will serve you. Your Selective Service Board,
to which you report within ten days after your
return home, will have a counsellor to advise
you; and the State agencies, the Red Cross, and
other groups will provide information and coun-
sel. The Indian Service will make every effort
to direct you to the proper authority as quickly
os possible.

If the first thing in your mind is employment,
you probably know that you are entitled to get
your old job back, or one with equal pay and
standing, provided that you have completed
your military service satisfactorily, that you are
still abie to do the job, that you apply for re-

instatement within 90 days of your discharge,
and that your employer will not suffer undue
hardship by taking you back. Once you are on
the job, you may not be dismissed without
cause for the period of one year. This is true
for Civil Service employees and for those in
private industry. If you didn't have a job when
you went into the military service, or if you
don't want to go bock to the job you left, you
should apply to the nearest office of the U. S.
Employment Service, or, if you wont a Federol
job, to the Civil Service Commission. You are
entitled to preference for jobs in the Indian
Service, both as an Indian and as a veteran,
but you must of course qualify by troining or
by examination.

If you want to continue your education, there
are many opportunities. Under the G. I. Bill of
Rights (Public Law 346, 78th Congress}, you are
entitled to one year of school or college, if you
have served at least 90 days, not counting the
time spent in Army or Navy special training
courses. You may choose the course you prefer,
at any elementary school, high school, college,
or vocational troining institute on the list

approved by the Veterans' Administration, but
you must be accepted as qualified by the school
you select. A number of Indian Service schools
have already been added to the approved list,
and o number of special courses have been
planned for returning servicemen.

If you are under 25, or if you con show that
your education was interrupted when you went
into military service, you may continue your
education beyond this first year. For each
month you spent in active service after Sep-
tember 16, 1940, and before the end of the
war, you may have an additional month of
schooling, but the total time cannot be more
than four years. While you are studying under
this program, the Veterans' Administration will
allow you $50 a month for living expenses and
will pay your tuition and other fees, including
the cost of books, supplies, and equipment, up
to S500 per year. If you have dependents, the
subsistence allowance will be increased to $75
per month. If you receive payment for work
done in connection with your study program,
your allowance may be decreased, and if >'0u
take only a part-time course, you will not re-
ceive the full monthly benefit.

Commercial courses, courses in agriculture
and stockraising, sheetmercl work, plumbing,
drafting, automotive mechanics, carpentry,
baking, cooking, machine shop work, masonry,
painting and decoration, power plant operation,

printing and binding, and many others, will be
offered at eight or more Indian schools: Albu-
querque Boarding School, Carson, Chemawa,
Chilocco, Flandreau, Wingate, Haskell Insti-
tute, and Sherman. Not all of the courses will
be available ot each school, and other courses
will be odded from time to time. These courses
will be available to non-lndions, if there is room
enough, and the Indian veteran is not limited to
a choice of Indian schools. You may take any
course for which you can qualify, at any ap-
proved school.

If you have o disability resulting from your
military service, the educational program of-
fered under Public Law 16, 78th Congress,
may be more helpful to you. Under this legisla-
tion, a disabled veteran may be allowed up to
four years of vocational training, during which
time he may receive a total pension of not less
than $92 per month. If he has dependents, the
□ liowance is larger.

The G. I Bill olso provides readjustment al-
lowances for veterans who are unable to find
work. Any unemployed veteran who has served
90 days or more and has been released with-
out dishonorable discharge, or has been dis-
abled in the line of duty, may receive a week-
ly readjustment allowance of $20, less any
part-time wages he may receive in excess of
$3. To be eligible for this allowance, the vet-
eran must report regularly to a public employ-

ment office; and if he fails to accept any suit-
able job offered to him, he is disqualified. He
may also be disqualified if he does not attend
a free training course available to him, or if
he has left suitable work, or is discharged for
misconduct. The readjustment allowance may
be continued for 24 weeks, plus four weeks for
each month of active service, up to a maximum
of 52 weeks. If he is self-employed and \\e can
show that his net earnings have been less than
$100 in the month preceding the date of his
application, he is entitled to receive an amount
large enough to bring his earnings up to $100
for the month. Benefits under this legislation
may not be claimed when five years have
passed after the end of the war, and claims
must be made within two years after the veter-
an's discharge from the military service or with-
in two years after the end of the war, whichev-
er date is later.

Veterans may have free hospital care, medi-
cal and dental services, through the Veterans'
Administration, for any disabilities incurred in
the line of duty in the service or aggravated
because of such service.

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of
1944 — commonly called the G. I. Bill of
Rights — also provides for certain benefits for
veterans who want to borrow money to buy or
build a home, to purchase a farm, farm equip-
ment or livestock, or to acquire business proper-
ty. The Federal Government will not make loans
or extend any credit under this program. It
says simply that if you can get a loan for these
purposes from any lending agency, either pub-
lic or private, such os a bank, corporation, or
individual, the Veterans' Administration, on
approving the loan, will guarantee one-half of
the amount, up to $2000. The Administrator
will olso pay the first year's interest on the
amount which he guarantees. This interest
need not be repaid. The loan itself must be
repaid according to the conditions under which
it is made.

The lending agency to which you apply for
a loan should be one of those serving your
community. This organization should under-
stand that you may receive a loan on the same

basis as other veterans, even though you may
conduct your operations on trust land belong-
ing to you or on tribal lands operated under an
assignment. It should be possible for you to
get a loan without any security other than a
mortgage on the property you ore buying with
the money loaned to you; but if other security
is required, the Superintendent may approve a
lien on trust property, other than land, as col-
lateral. Trust land may not be given as secur-
ity for these loans.

It should also be understood that the Super-
intendent may authorize a creditor to enter
on the reservation to repossess equipment
bought with borrowed money, if the loan should
be in default.

If you want to qualify for a farm loan, you
must show that you have had farming experi-
ence. If your loan is for the purchase of live-
stock, you must show that you have adequate
range on which to run it. If you plan to buy
farm machinery, you will have to show that
you hove land upon which the machinery will be
used, and you must also describe your plan of
operation and demonstrate that it will produce
income enough to repay the loan.

In general, no restrictions will be placed up-
on property obtained under loans guaranteed
under the Act, except those which the lending
agency may require in order to protect the loan.

You should remember, too, that you have
other wcys to obtain a loan, if you are not eli-
gible under the G. I. The Indian Service
may be able to atrc-.^- a ' oan f rom revolving
credit funds; or your tribe may offer to lend
you what you need. There are many avenues
to explore

From time to time, Congress may make
changes in the provisions of the G. I. Bill and
other servicemen's legislation. Allowances for
the unemployed veteran and for the veteran
attending school may be increased. You are
urged to take advantage of the program which
you feel will be most useful to you. Get all the
information available, consult with everyone
who can be of help to you, and make full use
of the opportunities which you have earned by
your service to your country.

The Marine Corps band plays the national anthem as tha flag i> raised at the dedication of Roy Enouf Field, Klamath Aaenty,
Oregon. Tha airfield li named In honor of the only Klamath Indian to lose his life In World War II, a Marine private first elan,
who was killed while acting as first-aid man in the front lines on Iwo Jima. Coromonies dedicating the field took place on
September 27, 1945.

INDIAN WOMEN WORK FOR VICTORY

Indian women, anxious to help out during
the war-created manpower shortage, have
made an astonishingly large contribution to
their country's needs. Thousands of them have
left their homes to work in factories, on
ranches ond farms, and even as section-hands,
to replace men who were vitally needed else-
where. They hove joined the nurses' corps, the
military auxiliaries, the Red Cross, and the
American Women's Voluntary Service.

Not content with this, they have given their
services in many other and more unusual ways.
More than 500 Eskimo and Indian women and
girls worked day and night manufacturing
skin clothing, mittens, mukluks, moccasins,
snawshoes, and other articles of wearing ap-
parel for our forces serving in cold weather or
at high altitudes. An Alaskan Indian woman
ran a trap line to make money for war bonds.

Cherokee girls wove and sold baskets, buying
war stamps with the money. On the Eastern
Cherokee reservation, women and girls planted
and harvested the crops, and even drove trac-
tors.

Forty Chippewa women formed a rifle bri-
gade for home defense. An old Kiowa woman
gave $1,000 to the Navy Relief Fund as her
contribution. Osage women, draped in their
brilliant blankets, spent long hours at sewing
machines for the Red Cross.

In the West, a Pueblo woman drove a truck
between Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mex-
ico, delivering milk to the Indian school. She
not only serviced her own truck but also help-

Cpl. Anna Reeveoi, WAC Ensign Coro Bru

ed at the school garage as o mechanic. Many
Indian women became silversmiths, and made
insignia for the armed forces. At Fort Wingate,
New Mexico, the Navajo women's work rang-
ed from that of chemists to truck drivers. Two
Indian women in California served at a lonely
observation post, driving the twelve miles to
their position in a rickety old automobile.

The war plants had many Indian women
on their rolls, working as riveters, inspectors,
sheet metal workers, and machinists. An Indian
girl was chosen at one plant to receive the
Army-Navy E for her fellow-workers.

In the Indian forests, hitherto considered
as providing work fit only for men, the Indian
women learned to take over many tasks.
Treatment for blister rust was given 80,182
acres of forest, mainly in the Lake states, and
Indian women performed much of the labor.
On the Menominee reservation in Wisconsin,
fifty women replaced men at the mill. Crews
consisting of two women and one man planted
young trees to replace those cut down in the
Red Lake forest in Minnesota. During the
short period in the spring which is considered
most advantageous for such planting, 90,700
trees were replaced on 238 acres of land. Indian
women have "manned" fire lookout stations on
the Colville and Klamath reservations. An In-
dian woman acted as guard at the Dry Creek
station on the Yakima forest, ond another
leorned to be a radio operator at the central
camp on the Quinaielt reservation.

er, NC, USNR Celia C. Cook, SK 2-c, WAVES

PRISONERS OF WAR RELEASED

Many Indians reported as prisoners of war
have now been released and have come home
again. Lt. Frank Paisano, Jr., a prisoner of the
Germans, has returned to Laguna Pueblo. Dur-
ing his absence he was awarded the Air Medal,
which his wife accepted in his name. Omar
Schoenborn, Chippewa, once reported dead,
was one of 83 men who escaped death when
the prison ship carrying them to Japan was
sunk off Leyte. He managed to swim ashore
and to hide from the Japanese until the arrival
of the American forces. Gilmore C. Daniels,
Osage, who joined the Royal Canadian Air

Force early in the war, spent nearly four years
in a German prison camp before the advancing
armies released him. Another Osage, Major Ed-
ward E. Tinker, a nephew of General Clarence
Tinker, was taken prisoner when he crashed
in Bulgaria, and was freed by the Russian ad-
vance.

Among the American prisoners released by
the 6th Ranger Battalion from Cabanatuan
Prison in the Philippines on January 30, 1945,
was Major Caryl L. Picotte, Sioux-Omaha, for-
merly of Nebrasko, but now stationed in Oak-
land, California.

S-Sat. John Leo Redeogle, fluopow, and his wifo. Sgt. Rcdeagle,
wearer of the Air Medal, was released from a German prison
camp after several months of captivity.

Major Pieotte was called to active duty with
the Air Corps in September, 1941, and sent to
the Philippines. On his arrivol in Manila he wos
assigned to duty as Associate Engineering Of-
ficer at the Philippine Air Depot, Nichols Field.

After the Japanese air attack on Nichols
Field, December 8, 1941, when most of the
serviceable American aircraft were destroyed.
Major Pieotte assisted in the organization of a
provisional Air Corps regiment which fought as
infantry from January 1, 1942, until the capi-
tulation of Bataan on April 9th of that year.
He was in the famous Death March from Ba-
taan to the first American prisoner-of-war
camp at O'Donnell, covering 80 miles in three
days with one meal of rice. In June he was
moved to Cabanatuan, where he remained un-
til released by the Rangers two and a half years
later. During the last days before the fall of
Bataan, he was recommended for the Distin-
guished Service Cross and the Silver Star.

Major Pieotte comes of a distinguished In-
dian family. His grandfather was Joseph La-
Flesche (Iron Eyes), the last chief of the Omaha
tribe. His mother, Susan LaFlesche Pieotte,
was the first Indian woman physician and is
remembered with veneration for her life of un-
selfish service to both Indians and Whites. The
late Francis LaFlesche, distinguished ethnolo-
gist, was his uncle, and Suzette LaFlesche Tib-
bies, (Bright Eyes), who lectured throughout

the civilized world and was the most famous
Indian woman of the 1880's and 1 890's, was
his aunt.

Major Pieotte reported that there were more
than 300 Indions on Botaan and Corregidor.
While in the prison camps he met and talked
with many from all sections of the country. He
added, "Their battle record, individually and
as a whole, left nothing to be desired."

Not all the news of the prisoners of war is
good. Some did not survive the rigors and the
mistreatment in the camps, and some were
lost in the torpedoing of several ships carrying
prisoners of war from the Philippines to Japan.
Others perished when another ship wos bombed
and sunk in Subic Bay. It is hoped that, as
time goes on, more will be found alive and
that the lists of released prisoners will grow.

A FAMILY OF BRAVES

Six grandsons of the Reverend Ben Brave,
retired Sioux minister, have shown their patrio-
tism by donning uniforms. Four went into the
Army, one into the Navy, ond one into the
Coast Guard.

Staff Sgt. Francis E. Brave received the Silver
Star for gallantry in action, evacuating 30 Ger-
man prisoners to the rear under enemy fire on
Anzio beachhead. "During the two hours re-
quired for the trip," to quote the citation, "Ser-
geant Brave had to wade through waist-deep
water and frequently had to take cover from
enemy tank and mortar shells; however, he
controlled his prisoners and brought them to
the proper collecting poinr. Sergeant Brave's
gallant conduct made possible the early gath-
ering of important information from the pris-
oners ond reflects much credit on the Army of
the United States."

Staff Sgt. Waldron A. Frazier, also o grand-
son of the Reverend Brave, served with the
Second Troop Carrier Squadron for four years,
during two of which he was stationed succes-
sively in China, India, and Burma. As crew
chief of the "Thunderbird," one of the big
transport planes, he had more than 125 hours
of combat flying time, and he wore the Air
Medal, the Pacific Theater Ribbon with two

battle stars, and the American Defense Rib-
bon. His group won two Presidential Unit ci-
tations. Last December he was killed in a
plane crash while being invalided home.

Nearly four hundred of "The Chief's"
friends decided to do something in his mem-
ory. Accordingly, they bought for his little
girl, Nona Joyce, $1,025 worth of War Bonds,
ond sent a check for the $14.45 left over from
the purchases. Among the donors were all
ranks from majors to privates. "We hope that
this little gift will help to give Nona Joyce some
of the things that Waldron would like her to
have," they wrote.

The other four grandsons ore doing well, and
no doubt we shall hear brave stories of them.
They are: Cpl. Alexander A. Brave, Sgt. Jud-
son B. Brave, and Ronald H. and Donold H.
Frazier, twins, who are in the Coast Guard and
the Navy, respectively.

The Reverend Brave's son, Ben, was recently
discharged from the Army for overage. A
son-in-law, Lt. Frank Fox, is in the Army, and
another grandson, John W. Frazier, Jr., has
recently donned the uniform. Two grandsons-
in-law, James Wilson and Russell DeCora, com-
plete the family fighting group.

INDIAN SERVICE EMPLOYEES IN THE WAR

Twenty-one employees of the Indian Service
gave their lives for the cause of freedom and
justice, some of them in action against the
enemy, some in training, some by accident, and
some by illness. There will be more names to
odd to the list when the reckoning is com-
pleted. Captain Homer Claymore, pilot of a
B-17 bomber in the 8th Air Force, has been
missing for many months and must be pre-
sumed lost. He was employed as a baker at
Pine Ridge before he entered the AAF. Lt.
Orian Wynn, of the Consolidated Ute Agency,
wos reported missing after a raid on enemy
territory from his base in Italy.

The prisoners of war released by the vic-
torious armies of the United Nations include
Soldier Sanders, baker at the Sequoyah School,
Wallace Tyner, clerk at Jicarilla, and Marion
Chadacloi, assistant at Navajo. They were all
prisoners of the Germans. Cornelius Gregory,
teacher at Fort Sill, spent eleven months in-
terned in Sweden, following a raid on Germany
during which his plane was damaged and had
to land in neutral territory. Mrs. Etta S. Jones,
teacher, who was captured when the Japanese
invaded the island of Attu in June 1942, was
found in a comp near Tokyo and brought back
to the United States. Her husband, who was a

special assistant and operated the radio station
on the island, was killed at the time of the in-
vasion. Dr. Sidney E. Seid, formerly physician
at the Chilocco School, survived more than
three years' imprisonment in Japan.

Still to be heard from are Louis E. Williams,
clerk at Pine Ridge, and Roy J. House, cleik at
Jicarilla, who were made prisoners by the Jap-
anese during the first campaigns in the Philip-
pines.

Indian Service employees have won decora-
tions for gallantry and courage. Lt. William
Sixkiller, Jr., who died of wounds received in
action on Saipan, received the posthumous
award of the Silver Star. Another Indian Office
employee, Sgt. Robert Duffin, wears the same
decora-tion, awarded for exploits in Germany,
and Philip Kowice, of the United Pueblos Agen-
cy, earned his Silver Star in the Italian cam-
paign. Bronze Star Medals were awarded to
Lt. James M. Ware, of the Osage Agency, who
directed evacuation of the wounded in an Ital-

ian engagement, although seriously wounded
himself; to Colonel E. Morgan Pryse, Director
of Roads, for the construction of airfields in
advance combat sectors; and to Major Delmer
F. Parker, Physician at the Pawnee Agency, for
his work as surgeon in the Pacific theatre. Capt.
Louis J. Feves, furloughed from his position as
physician at the Umatilla Agency, Oregon, won
the Soldier's Medal when he went to the rescue
of injured crew members of a bomber which
had crashed on a heavily-mined reef in the
Gilbert Islands.

The list of those wounded in action includes
Henry McEwin (Engineer, Chilocco School),
Walter W. Nations (Agricultural Extension
Agent, United Pueblos), Nelson Thompson
(Assistant, Navajo), Walter Campbell (Barber,
Sherman Institute), Franklin Gritts (Teacher,
Haskell Institute), Michael Bordeaux (Clerk,
Rosebud), James M. Ware (Clerk, Osage),
Henry Garcia (Orderly, Navojo), and Morris
James (Mechanic, Pine Ridge).

Joe Singer
C. Foster Jones
Percy Archdale
Irwin G. Price
Alfred Begoy
Cruz McDaniels
Richard Monte Strong
William Sixkiller, Jr.
Harold A. Wood
Esther F. Henry
Susan Motylewski
James F. Klock
Winfield Robinson
Velma Miller
Allen E. Lovine
Joe Gonzales
Ted Bird
Vicenti Mirabal
William Silos Coons
Fred James
Wilson Tso

IN MEMORIAM

Assistant, Navajo Agency

Assistant, Alaska Service

Clerk, Truxton Canyon Agency

Forest Ranger, Fort Apache Agency

Farmer, Navajo Agency

Clerk, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency

Engineering Aide, United Pueblos Agency

Clerk, Chicago Office

Engineer, United Pueblos Agency

Field Nurse, Osage Agency

Teacher, Navajo Agency

Physician, Consolidated Chippewa Agency

Forester, Colville Agency

Nurse, Navajo Agency

Boys' Adviser, Corson Agency

Pump Operator, Sells Agency

Truck Driver, United Pueblos Agency

Teacher, United Pueblos Agency

Farm Agent, Shawnee Agency

Bus Driver, Pima Agency

General Mechanic, Navajo Agency

May 10, 1942
June 8, 1942
February 7, 1943
November 23, 1943
October 26, 1943
May 18, 1944
June 1, 1944
July 13, 1944
July 17, 1944
August 18, 1944
October 29, 1944
December 12, 1944
December 15, 1944
December 19, 1944
March 27, 1945
March 31, 1945
April 1, 1945
April 7, 1945
April 14, 1945
May 7, 1945
May 13, 1945

FONDREN UBRARy

tothm mmu Mmm,

W-US. TEXAS «2sT

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